Table 3 Quality-of-life compared for different subgroups

Mean (SD), all participants

75.3 (17.0)

65.5 (18.1)

57.2 (20.9)

61.4 (18.1)

71.2 (16.2)

60.9 (18.4)

57.1 (19.7)

64.9 (13.5)

Sex, p-value^a

< 0.001

0.001

0.005

0.006

0.785

0.121

0.430

0.511

 Male

79.4 (16.0)

68.6 (19.0)

54.0 (21.6)

58.7 (18.2)

71.4 (17.3)

59.3 (19.6)

56.2 (19.4)

65.3 (13.7)

 Female

72.0 (17.1)

62.9 (17.0)

59.8 (20.1)

63.5 (17.7)

71.0 (15.4)

62.1 (17.4)

57.8 (19.9)

64.5 (13.4)

Marital status, p-value^a

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Divorced/single/widower

72.5 (16.5)

62.7 (17.3)

53.2 (20.2)

58.0 (17.3)

68.3 (16.2)

57.4 (19.6)

54.0 (19.6)

61.7 (12.8)

 Married

82.2 (15.4)

72.1 (17.5)

66.2 (19.8)

69.5 (17.2)

76.6 (13.6)

68.1 (11.4)

62.9 (17.1)

71.8 (11.5)

Chronic Disease, p-value^a

0.002

0.005

0.029

0.021

0.101

0.824

0.190

0.005

77.0 (16.1)

67.0 (17.8)

58.4 (20.6)

62.6 (17.8)

72.0 (15.7)

61.2 (18.4)

58.0 (18.8)

66.0 (13.1)

70.0 (18.9)

60.9 (18.3)

52.7 (21.9)

57.5 (19.0)

68.7 (18.4)

60.6 (18.6)

54.4 (22.5)

61.4 (14.7)

Education, p-value^a

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

 No formal/primary school

72.4 (16.5)

62.3 (17.7)

53.2 (20.9)

58.1 (17.6)

69.0 (15.9)

56.3 (19.3)

52.8 (18.8)

61.4 (13.0)

 Junior high school or more

80.4 (16.6)

70.8 (17.5)

63.6 (19.6)

66.7 (17.8)

74.7 (16.2)

67.9 (14.7)

63.4 (19.6)

70.5 (12.5)

Medical insurance, p-value^a

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Basic for rural and urban residents or self-payed

71.6 (16.3)

62.2 (16.9)

52.9 (21.0)

57.3 (18.2)

66.8 (16.2)

57.0 (19.0)

52.4 (20.3)

60.9 (13.1)

 For employees

80.4 (16.5)

69.9 (18.6)

62.3 (19.9)

66.4 (16.8)

76.5 (14.7)

65.4 (16.9)

62.4 (17.7)

69.8 (12.5)

Main source income, p-value^a

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.031

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Retirement pension

80.3 (16.0)

69.6 (17.8)

60.8 (18.9)

65.5 (16.1)

77.4 (13.6)

62.8 (18.0)

61.3 (17.3)

69.0 (11.8)

 Family, Social assistant/other

71.0 (16.6)

62.0 (17.5)

53.7 (22.4)

57.5 (19.2)

65.4 (16.5)

58.9 (18.9)

52.8 (21.1)

61.0 (14.1)

Residing at nursing home, p-value^a

0.051

0.180

0.292

0.078

0.004

0.317

0.530

0.125

 19 months or less

74.0 (16.4)

64.6 (17.5)

56.4 (22.4)

60.3 (19.0)

69.3 (16.6)

62.2 (18.5)

56.9 (20.9)

64.2 (13.8)

 20 months or more

77.2 (16.7)

67.0 (18.0)

58.6 (19.2)

63.4 (16.8)

73.9 (15.3)

60.3 (17.8)

58.1 (17.9)

66.2 (12.6)

Nursing home, p-value^a

0.089

0.094

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Publicly run

73.3 (16.8)

63.3 (18.5)

45.4 (18.8)

53.2 (16.7)

66.0 (18.4)

48.2 (19.0)

47.1 (16.9)

58.1 (13.2)

 Privately run

76.3 (17.0)

66.5 (17.9)

62.8 (19.5)

65.3 (17.5)

73.7 (14.5)

66.9 (14.8)

61.9 (19.2)

68.1 (12.4)

Cronbach’s Alpha values

0.84

0.84

0.86

0.81

0.84

0.77

0.84

0.93