Table 4 Univariate analysis of health behaviour scores
Variable | N | Score | Nutrition | Tobacco and alcohol use | Physical activity | Stress management | Health responsibility | Spiritual growth |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Panel A | ||||||||
Urban | 441 | 77.12\(\pm\)9.15 | 19.73\(\pm\)2.05 | 6.18\(\pm\)1.16 | 8.85\(\pm\)2.13 | 15.38\(\pm\)2.07 | 14.90\(\pm\)2.74 | 12.08\(\pm\)2.33 |
Rural | 350 | 76.23\(\pm\)6.43 | 19.95\(\pm\)2.15 | 6.16\(\pm\)0.91 | 7.88\(\pm\)1.02 | 14.61\(\pm\)1.53 | 15.64\(\pm\)2.02 | 11.99\(\pm\)1.83 |
t value | 0.41 | 1.43 | -0.29 | 0.71 | 1.73 | 1.80 | 0.94 | |
P value | 0.586 | 0.197 | 0.641 | 0.484 | 0.069 | 0.071 | 0.349 | |
Southern | 308 | 77.18\(\pm\)8.74 | 19.84\(\pm\)1.62 | 6.18\(\pm\)0.94 | 8.61\(\pm\)1.15 | 15.17\(\pm\)1.52 | 15.29\(\pm\)1.30 | 12.09\(\pm\)2.71 |
Central | 237 | 76.01\(\pm\)6.14 | 19.79\(\pm\)1.58 | 6.19\(\pm\)0.97 | 8.42\(\pm\)0.93 | 14.90\(\pm\)2.32 | 14.75\(\pm\)2.52 | 11.96\(\pm\)1.44 |
Northern | 246 | 76.86\(\pm\)6.58 | 19.85\(\pm\)2.31 | 6.14\(\pm\)1.06 | 8.18\(\pm\)2.03 | 15.01\(\pm\)2.06 | 15.61\(\pm\)2.92 | 12.06\(\pm\)2.01 |
F value | 2.28 | 1.74 | 2.31 | 2.15 | 2.23 | 1.31 | 7.62 | |
P value | 0.080 | 0.126 | 0.074 | 0.090 | 0.083 | 0.269 | < 0.001 | |
Panel B | ||||||||
Lower-middle income level | 57 | 71.73\(\pm\)10.43 | 19.79\(\pm\)2.16 | 7.66\(\pm\)1.91 | 7.12\(\pm\)0.93 | 12.60\(\pm\)2.44 | 14.76\(\pm\)2.13 | 9.79\(\pm\)1.82 |
Middle income level | 421 | 76.08\(\pm\)8.15 | 19.81\(\pm\)2.01 | 7.16\(\pm\)0.92 | 7.92\(\pm\)1.02 | 14.80\(\pm\)1.69 | 14.93\(\pm\)1.48 | 11.46\(\pm\)2.60 |
Upper-middle income level | 313 | 78.51\(\pm\)6.97 | 19.86\(\pm\)1.95 | 4.57\(\pm\)0.86 | 8.82\(\pm\)1.13 | 15.81\(\pm\)2.01 | 16.43\(\pm\)0.92 | 13.01\(\pm\)2.11 |
F value | 7.68 | 2.75 | 1.65 | 6.13 | 5.80 | 5.47 | 11.84 | |
P value | < 0.001 | 0.061 | 0.159 | < 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.004 | < 0.001 | |
Male | 359 | 76.47\(\pm\)10.12 | 19.66\(\pm\)2.85 | 5.99\(\pm\)1.02 | 8.51\(\pm\)0.93 | 15.25\(\pm\)2.13 | 15.12\(\pm\)2.70 | 11.94 |
Female | 432 | 76.95\(\pm\)6.03 | 19.97\(\pm\)1.59 | 6.32\(\pm\)0.96 | 8.35\(\pm\)1.43 | 14.87\(\pm\)2.01 | 15.32\(\pm\)1.63 | 12.12 |
t value | -2.17 | -2.09 | 3.91 | 0.40 | 4.18 | 1.90 | -0.11 | |
P value | 0.031 | 0.042 | < 0.001 | 0.572 | < 0.001 | 0.064 | 0.902 | |
Aged 60–80 | 669 | 78.43\(\pm\)6.18 | 19.99\(\pm\)1.69 | 6.17\(\pm\)0.93 | 8.62\(\pm\)1.13 | 15.08\(\pm\)2.32 | 16.51 | 12.06\(\pm\)2.15 |
Aged 80 and above | 122 | 67.41\(\pm\)11.03 | 18.95\(\pm\)2.15 | 6.18\(\pm\)1.03 | 7.32\(\pm\)0.97 | 14.82\(\pm\)1.97 | 8.21 | 11.93\(\pm\)1.61 |
t value | 3.87 | 3.51 | 0.81 | 2.97 | 4.21 | 7.38 | 4.45 | |
P value | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.413 | 0.002 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
Panel C | ||||||||
Married | 504 | 79.87\(\pm\)9.05 | 19.95\(\pm\)1.89 | 6.19\(\pm\)0.87 | 8.49\(\pm\)1.01 | 15.45\(\pm\)1.31 | 15.71\(\pm\)2.78 | 14.07\(\pm\)2.29 |
Single/divorced/widowed | 287 | 71.21\(\pm\)5.43 | 19.62\(\pm\)2.39 | 6.13\(\pm\)1.03 | 8.30\(\pm\)1.13 | 14.32\(\pm\)2.45 | 14.39\(\pm\)1.92 | 8.45\(\pm\)1.83 |
t value | 4.37 | 7.72 | 1.51 | 1.44 | 5.13 | 6.02 | 7.08 | |
P value | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.101 | 0.120 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
Lives with other(s) | 560 | 75.91\(\pm\)8.12 | 19.81\(\pm\)1.69 | 6.18\(\pm\)0.92 | 8.22\(\pm\)1.24 | 14.87 | 15.18 | 11.65 |
Lives alone | 231 | 78.73\(\pm\)8.73 | 19.89\(\pm\)2.09 | 6.15\(\pm\)1.31 | 8.91\(\pm\)0.93 | 15.45 | 15.35 | 12.98 |
t value | 4.06 | -1.94 | 0.89 | 3.85 | 4.81 | 3.95 | 5.74 | |
P value | < 0.001 | 0.051 | 0.340 | 0.003 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
Panel D | ||||||||
Junior secondary school and below | 326 | 74.23\(\pm\)8.06 | 19.76\(\pm\)2.19 | 6.16\(\pm\)1.23 | 8.30\(\pm\)1.93 | 15.01\(\pm\)3.51 | 14.44\(\pm\)2.83 | 10.55\(\pm\)1.93 |
High school | 376 | 77.83\(\pm\)5.13 | 19.86\(\pm\)1.99 | 6.17\(\pm\)0.81 | 8.47\(\pm\)0.98 | 14.93\(\pm\)1.23 | 15.54\(\pm\)2.47 | 12.86\(\pm\)2.03 |
Bachelor’s degree and above | 89 | 81.24\(\pm\)11.24 | 19.96\(\pm\)1.71 | 6.19\(\pm\)1.02 | 8.65\(\pm\)1.01 | 15.61\(\pm\)1.94 | 16.81\(\pm\)1.63 | 14.02\(\pm\)0.63 |
F value | 7.85 | 8.17 | 2.81 | 4.20 | 2.41 | 9.91 | 19.34 | |
P value | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.060 | 0.006 | 0.081 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
Panel E | ||||||||
Cardio-cerebrovascular disease | 576 | 76.81\(\pm\)9.87 | 19.84\(\pm\)2.09 | 6.19\(\pm\)1.14 | 8.48\(\pm\)1.01 | 14.75\(\pm\)1.43 | 16.23\(\pm\)2.93 | 11.32\(\pm\)1.93 |
Metabolic disorder | 183 | 77.19\(\pm\)5.76 | 19.81\(\pm\)1.84 | 6.11\(\pm\)1.01 | 8.60\(\pm\)0.73 | 16.48\(\pm\)2.43 | 11.30\(\pm\)1.81 | 14.89\(\pm\)2.03 |
Respiratory disease | 63 | 75.06\(\pm\)5.22 | 19.79\(\pm\)2.79 | 6.11\(\pm\)1.01 | 7.48\(\pm\)0.93 | 14.20\(\pm\)1.88 | 15.01\(\pm\)2.01 | 12.47\(\pm\)2.28 |
Cancer | 9 | 75.92\(\pm\)6.13 | 19.82\(\pm\)1.98 | 6.29\(\pm\)0.84 | 8.29\(\pm\)0.94 | 16.45\(\pm\)2.71 | 15.21\(\pm\)1.93 | 9.85\(\pm\)2.13 |
F value | 1.84 | 1.91 | 3.14 | 0.87 | 1.24 | 2.25 | 2.91 | |
P value | 0.137 | 0.164 | 0.007 | 0.546 | 0.301 | 0.081 | 0.057 | |