Cognitive behavioral therapy versus general health education for family caregivers of individuals with heart failure: a pilot randomized controlled trial

Table 3 Longitudinal analyses of outcome measures by study group

	General health education group (N = 12)				Cognitive behavioral therapy group (N = 14)				p-value for interaction^c
	Estimate^a (95% CI)			p-value^b	Estimate^a (95% CI)			p-value^b	p-value for interaction^c
Cortisol awakening response^d									.95
Baseline to post-intervention	0.02	(−0.13,	0.16)	.82	0.02	(−0.13,	0.17)	.76
Area under the curve^e									.12
Baseline to post-intervention	−137.03	(− 312.20,	38.15)	.12	53.44	(− 121.73,	228.61)	.53
Caregiver burden									.97
Baseline to post-intervention	−2.16	(−5.53,	1.21)	.20	−1.71	(−5.22,	1.79)	.33
Baseline to 6 mo	−2.41	(−7.18,	2.37)	.31	−1.65	(−6.46,	3.15)	.49
Perceived stress									.30
Baseline to post-intervention	−1.08	(−4.19,	2.03)	.48	−4.29	(−7.52,	−1.07)	.011
Baseline to 6 mo	−0.51	(−4.87,	3.86)	.82	−4.76	(−9.14,	− 0.38)	.034
Stress symptoms									.097
Baseline to post-intervention	−1.15	(−9.52,	7.23)	.78	−10.86	(−19.61,	−2.11)	.017
Baseline to 6 mo	6.28	(−5.98,	18.54)	.31	−12.90	(−25.36,	−0.45)	.043
Depression									.26
Baseline to post-intervention	−1.05	(−3.15,	1.06)	.32	−3.54	(−5.73,	−1.35)	.002
Baseline to 6 mo	−0.97	(−3.96,	2.03)	.52	−3.07	(−6.08,	−0.06)	.046
Anxiety									.56
Baseline to post-intervention	−1.97	(−3.70,	−0.24)	.03	−2.58	(− 4.38,	−0.78)	.006
Baseline to 6 mo	−1.46	(−3.93,	1.01)	.24	−3.28	(−5.77,	−0.78)	.01

^aEstimated changes from baseline to 2 months or 6 months derived from linear mixed models; negative values for psychological measures indicate improvement from baseline
^bp-values are for tests of no change in outcome measures in each group
^cp-values are for the time-by-study group interaction from the linear mixed models
^dThe cortisol awakening response was computed as the difference in log-transformed cortisol values from waking to 30 min post-awakening
^eThe area under the curve was computed using log-transformed cortisol values. The bedtime cortisol value was not available for 1 caregiver (GHE group) at baseline

ISSN: 1471-2318