| Patients | p-value | Family caregivers | p-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GHE group (N = 12) | CBT group (N = 14) | GHE group (N = 12) | CBT group (N = 14) | |||
Age (in years) | 67.41 ± 17.14 | 66.54 ± 11.33 | .88 | 54.46 ± 17.61 | 55.62 ± 13.54 | .85 |
Female | 9 (75.0) | 5 (35.7) | .045 | 4 (33.3) | 10 (71.4) | .052 |
Non-Hispanic white | 7 (58.3) | 2 (14.3) | .04 | 6 (50.0) | 4 (28.6) | .42 |
Married or cohabitating | 8 (66.7) | 11 (78.6) | .67 | 6 (50.0) | 12 (85.7) | .09 |
Education level | Â | Â | .07 | Â | Â | .70 |
  ≤ High school | 3 (25.0) | 9 (64.3) |  | 4 (33.3) | 6 (42.9) |  |
Household income | Â | Â | .85 | Â | Â | .51 |
  < $20,000/year | 3 (25.0) | 3 (21.4) |  | 3 (25.0) | 2 (14.3) |  |
  ≥ $20,000/year | 5 (41.7) | 8 (57.1) |  | 5 (41.7) | 9 (64.3) |  |
 Decline to state | 4 (33.3) | 3 (21.4) |  | 4 (33.3) | 3 (21.4) |  |
Employed | 1 (8.3) | 3 (21.4) | .60 | 3 (25.0) | 7 (50.0) | .25 |
NYHA class | Â | Â | .40 | Â | Â | Â |
 II | 6 (50.0) | 6 (42.9) |  |  |  |  |
 III | 6 (50.0) | 6 (42.9) |  |  |  |  |
 IV | 0 (0.0) | 2 (14.3) |  |  |  |  |
Charlson comorbidity index score | 3.75 ± 2.01 | 3.57 ± 1.91 | .94 |  |  |  |
Spouse of patient | Â | Â | Â | 6 (50.0) | 9 (64.3) | .46 |
Living with patient | Â | Â | Â | 11 (91.7) | 12 (85.7) | 1.00 |
Sharing caregiver role with others | Â | Â | Â | 5 (41.7) | 10 (71.4) | .13 |
Duration of caregiving (in months) |  |  |  | 57.55 ± 56.48 | 48.43 ± 68.79 | .73 |
Hours of caregiving per week |  |  |  | 2.08 ± 0.90 | 3.00 ± 1.11 | .03 |
Salivary cortisol | ||||||
 Cortisol awakening responsea |  |  |  | 0.119 ± 0.221 | 0.098 ± 0.282 | .85 |
 Area under the curveb |  |  |  | 2096.3 ± 267.7 | 1978.6 ± 244.9 | .31 |
Psychological measuresc | ||||||
 Caregiver burden (ZBI) |  |  |  | 12.58 ± 7.35 | 13.43 ± 10.32 | .82 |
 Perceived stress (PSS-10) |  |  |  | 15.83 ± 6.71 | 17.00 ± 7.93 | .69 |
 Stress symptoms (cSOSI) |  |  |  | 35.83 ± 34.32 | 42.86 ± 40.02 | .64 |
 Depressive symptoms (PHQ-9) | 10.36 ± 7.12 | 7.79 ± 4.90 | .30 | 5.75 ± 6.38 | 7.50 ± 7.10 | .52 |
 Clinical depression (PHQ-9 score ≥ 10) | 5 (41.67) | 6 (42.9) | 1.00 | 3 (25.0) | 4 (28.6) | 1.00 |
 Anxiety (GAD-7) |  |  |  | 4.92 ± 5.60 | 6.36 ± 6.05 | .54 |