Table 2 Contribution of personal and environmental predictors to socioeconomic inequalities of ADL and IADL
Predictor | 2008 | 2018 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cka | ADL | IADL | Ck | ADL | IADL | |||||
Elasticity | Contribution (%) | Elasticity | Contribution (%) | Elasticity | Contribution (%) | Elasticity | Contribution (%) | |||
Sex (Ref. = Male) | ||||||||||
 Female | − 0.0071 | 0.0275 | 0.51 | 0.0812 | 0.42 | −0.0091 | 0.0352 | 0.46 | 0.0938 | 0.32 |
Age (Ref. = ≤80 years) | ||||||||||
 >80 | −0.0024 | 0.1639 | 1.12 | 0.5588 | 1.06 | −0.0004 | 0.2164 | 0.13 | 0.5574 | 0.09 |
Marital status (Ref. = Others) | ||||||||||
 Living with spouse | 0.0066 | −0.1245 | 1.77 | − 0.2330 | 0.92 | 0.0071 | − 0.1871 | 1.71 | − 0.2982 | 0.71 |
Self-rated economic status (Ref. = Very poor) | ||||||||||
 Poor | −0.7800 | − 0.0061 | −1.26 | − 0.0067 | − 0.39 | − 0.8800 | − 0.0031 | −2.28 | − 0.0023 | − 0.44 |
 Fair | 0.0564 | −0.0519 | 3.30 | −0.0595 | 1.05 | −0.0879 | −0.0791 | −4.51 | − 0.0545 | −0.81 |
 Rich | 0.8592 | −0.0091 | 1.56 | −0.0141 | 0.67 | 0.7781 | −0.0238 | 2.92 | −0.0192 | 0.61 |
 Very rich | 0.9901 | −0.0009 | 0.01 | −0.0013 | 0.01 | 0.9735 | −0.0028 | 0.08 | −0.0020 | 0.01 |
Years of schooling (Ref. = 0) | ||||||||||
 1–5 | 0.0318 | −0.0085 | 0.10 | −0.0151 | 0.05 | 0.0114 | −0.0094 | 0.02 | −0.0136 | 0.01 |
  ≥ 6 | 0.1549 | −0.0043 | 0.17 | −0.0096 | 0.10 | 0.1271 | −0.0046 | 0.13 | −0.0114 | 0.08 |
Occupation (Ref. = Others) | ||||||||||
 Agriculture | −0.0217 | −0.0569 | −3.42 | − 0.0808 | −1.35 | − 0.0241 | − 0.0280 | − 0.96 | − 0.0052 | −0.05 |
Regular exercise (Ref. = Yes) | ||||||||||
 No | −0.0139 | 0.0023 | 0.09 | 0.3558 | 3.95 | −0.0168 | 0.2310 | 6.12 | 0.6523 | 4.49 |
Chronic disease (Ref. = No) | ||||||||||
 Yes | −0.0188 | 0.0350 | 0.67 | 0.0387 | 0.20 | 0.0088 | 0.0116 | −0.06 | 0.0163 | −0.02 |
Residency (Ref. = Urban) | ||||||||||
 Rural | −0.0171 | 0.3145 | 14.28 | 0.3859 | 4.87 | −0.0149 | 0.0545 | 1.08 | 0.0500 | 0.26 |
Community support services (Ref. = 0) | ||||||||||
  ≥ 1 | 0.0312 | 0.0022 | −0.03 | − 0.0017 | 0.01 | 0.0088 | 0.0002 | 0.01 | −0.0024 | 0.01 |
Social security program enrolment (Ref. = 0) | ||||||||||
 1 | −0.0321 | − 0.0206 | − 0.59 | − 0.0281 | − 0.22 | − 0.0451 | − 0.0282 | −0.59 | − 0.0331 | −0.18 |
  ≥ 2 | 0.1420 | −0.0024 | 0.13 | −0.0066 | 0.10 | 0.0666 | −0.0144 | 0.47 | −0.0198 | 0.17 |
Living arrangement (Ref. = With family members) | ||||||||||
 Alone | −0.1328 | 0.0009 | 0.03 | 0.0012 | 0.01 | −0.0739 | 0.0132 | 0.14 | 0.0051 | 0.01 |
 In an institution | 0.0791 | −0.0306 | 0.08 | −0.0459 | 0.03 | 0.0344 | −0.0279 | 0.03 | −0.0371 | 0.01 |
Household members (Ref. = 0) | ||||||||||
 1–2 | −0.0049 | −0.0239 | − 0.09 | −0.0309 | − 0.03 | −0.0091 | − 0.1029 | −0.46 | − 0.1316 | −0.15 |
  ≥ 3 | −0.0568 | −0.0205 | − 0.70 | − 0.0335 | − 0.32 | − 0.0201 | − 0.0438 | − 0.23 | − 0.0596 | −0.08 |
Access to medical care (Ref. = Yes) | ||||||||||
 No | −0.0340 | 0.0424 | 2.56 | 0.0393 | 0.66 | −0.0118 | 0.1116 | 1.26 | 0.0773 | 0.23 |
Out-of-pocket payment ratio (%) | −0.0176 | 0.0076 | 19.28 | 0.0048 | 3.38 | −0.0148 | 0.0081 | 8.21 | 0.0056 | 1.48 |
Per capita income | 0.0019 | −0.0001 | 3.08 | −0.0002 | 1.71 | 0.0006 | −0.0002 | 3.45 | 0.0003 | −1.35 |
Skilled health workers per 1000 people | 0.0083 | −0.1393 | 7.67 | −0.2043 | 3.13 | 0.0075 | −0.1278 | 6.26 | −0.1338 | 2.16 |
Hospital beds per 1000 people | 0.0083 | −0.0318 | 1.37 | −0.0092 | 0.11 | 0.0017 | −0.0625 | 0.59 | −0.0482 | 0.12 |