Characteristics | 2008 (n = 13,551) | 2018 (n = 13,232) | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | ||
Sex | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.001 |
 Male | 5637 | 41.59 | 5769 | 43.59 |  |
 Female | 7914 | 58.41 | 7463 | 56.40 |  |
Age (Years) |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
  ≤ 80 | 3805 | 28.07 | 4815 | 36.38 |  |
  > 80 | 9746 | 71.93 | 8417 | 63.61 |  |
Marital status |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 With spouse | 4031 | 29.75 | 5226 | 39.49 |  |
 Others | 9520 | 70.25 | 8006 | 60.50 |  |
Self-rated economic status |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Very poor | 432 | 3.18 | 181 | 1.36 |  |
 Poor | 2115 | 15.60 | 1108 | 8.37 |  |
 Fair | 9238 | 68.17 | 9404 | 71.07 |  |
 Rich | 1638 | 12.08 | 2234 | 16.88 |  |
 Very rich | 128 | 0.94 | 305 | 2.30 |  |
Years of schooling |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 0 | 8582 | 63.33 | 7617 | 57.56 |  |
 1–5 | 2928 | 21.60 | 2555 | 19.30 |  |
  ≥ 6 | 2041 | 15.07 | 3060 | 23.12 |  |
Occupation |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Agriculture | 9040 | 66.71 | 7052 | 53.29 |  |
 Others | 4511 | 33.29 | 6180 | 46.71 |  |
Regular exercise |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Yes | 3671 | 27.09 | 3897 | 29.45 |  |
 No | 9880 | 72.91 | 9335 | 70.54 |  |
Chronic disease |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 No | 5276 | 38.93 | 4273 | 32.29 |  |
 Yes | 8275 | 61.06 | 8959 | 67.70 |  |
Residency |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Urban | 5361 | 39.56 | 7482 | 56.54 |  |
 Rural | 8190 | 60.44 | 5750 | 43.45 |  |
Community support services |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 0 | 9694 | 71.54 | 4798 | 36.26 |  |
  ≥ 1 | 3857 | 28.46 | 8434 | 63.73 |  |
Social security program enrolment |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 0 | 3111 | 22.95 | 884 | 6.68 |  |
 1 | 7363 | 54.33 | 6673 | 50.43 |  |
  ≥ 2 | 3077 | 22.71 | 5675 | 42.88 |  |
Living arrangement |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 With family members | 11,295 | 83.35 | 10,804 | 81.65 |  |
 Alone | 2034 | 15.01 | 2022 | 15.28 |  |
 In an institution | 222 | 1.64 | 406 | 3.06 |  |
Household members |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 0 | 2870 | 16.90 | 2428 | 18.35 |  |
 1–2 | 8013 | 47.30 | 7012 | 52.99 |  |
  ≥ 3 | 6069 | 38.80 | 3792 | 28.65 |  |
Access to medical care |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Yes | 12,569 | 92.75 | 12,924 | 97.67 |  |
 No | 982 | 7.25 | 308 | 2.33 |  |
Out-of-pocket payment ratio (%) for medical bills (Mean ± SDa) | 86.87 ± 27.96 | 73.24 ± 32.08 | < 0.001 | ||
Per capita income at the provincial level (Mean ± SD) | 9724.01 ± 6431.31 | 31,050.07 ± 11,649.08 | < 0.001 | ||
Skilled health workers per 1000 people (Mean ± SD) | 4.00 ± 1.68 | 7.05 ± 1.18 | < 0.001 | ||
Hospital beds per 1000 people (Mean ± SD) | 3.13 ± 1.05 | 6.00 ± 0.75 | < 0.001 |