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Table 1 Characteristics of study participants in 2008 and 2018

From: Changes of inequality in functional disability of older populations in China from 2008 to 2018: a decomposition analysis

Characteristics

2008 (n = 13,551)

2018 (n = 13,232)

p

N

%

N

%

Sex

    

0.001

 Male

5637

41.59

5769

43.59

 

 Female

7914

58.41

7463

56.40

 

Age (Years)

    

< 0.001

  ≤ 80

3805

28.07

4815

36.38

 

  > 80

9746

71.93

8417

63.61

 

Marital status

    

< 0.001

 With spouse

4031

29.75

5226

39.49

 

 Others

9520

70.25

8006

60.50

 

Self-rated economic status

    

< 0.001

 Very poor

432

3.18

181

1.36

 

 Poor

2115

15.60

1108

8.37

 

 Fair

9238

68.17

9404

71.07

 

 Rich

1638

12.08

2234

16.88

 

 Very rich

128

0.94

305

2.30

 

Years of schooling

    

< 0.001

 0

8582

63.33

7617

57.56

 

 1–5

2928

21.60

2555

19.30

 

  ≥ 6

2041

15.07

3060

23.12

 

Occupation

    

< 0.001

 Agriculture

9040

66.71

7052

53.29

 

 Others

4511

33.29

6180

46.71

 

Regular exercise

    

< 0.001

 Yes

3671

27.09

3897

29.45

 

 No

9880

72.91

9335

70.54

 

Chronic disease

    

< 0.001

 No

5276

38.93

4273

32.29

 

 Yes

8275

61.06

8959

67.70

 

Residency

    

< 0.001

 Urban

5361

39.56

7482

56.54

 

 Rural

8190

60.44

5750

43.45

 

Community support services

    

< 0.001

 0

9694

71.54

4798

36.26

 

  ≥ 1

3857

28.46

8434

63.73

 

Social security program enrolment

    

< 0.001

 0

3111

22.95

884

6.68

 

 1

7363

54.33

6673

50.43

 

  ≥ 2

3077

22.71

5675

42.88

 

Living arrangement

    

< 0.001

 With family members

11,295

83.35

10,804

81.65

 

 Alone

2034

15.01

2022

15.28

 

 In an institution

222

1.64

406

3.06

 

Household members

    

< 0.001

 0

2870

16.90

2428

18.35

 

 1–2

8013

47.30

7012

52.99

 

  ≥ 3

6069

38.80

3792

28.65

 

Access to medical care

    

< 0.001

 Yes

12,569

92.75

12,924

97.67

 

 No

982

7.25

308

2.33

 

Out-of-pocket payment ratio (%) for medical bills (Mean ± SDa)

86.87 ± 27.96

73.24 ± 32.08

< 0.001

Per capita income at the provincial level (Mean ± SD)

9724.01 ± 6431.31

31,050.07 ± 11,649.08

< 0.001

Skilled health workers per 1000 people (Mean ± SD)

4.00 ± 1.68

7.05 ± 1.18

< 0.001

Hospital beds per 1000 people (Mean ± SD)

3.13 ± 1.05

6.00 ± 0.75

< 0.001

  1. a SD standard deviation