Table 3 Multilevel multivariate regression analysis: Association of risk factors with clinical cognitive impairment using a zip code-level random intercept model

Fixed effects

Denture status of beneficiaries:

  Complete denture on both jaws

1.26 (1.09–1.45)

1.26 (1.11–1.44)

  Complete denture on one jaw

1.13 (1.02–1.25)

1.14 (1.05–1.24)

Risk factors:

  Age

1.15 (1.14–1.15)

1.13 (1.13–1.13)

  Diabetes

1.24 (1.19–1.31)

1.39 (1.34–1.45)

  Hypertension

2.26 (2.10–2.44)

2.51 (2.37–2.68)

  High Cholesterol

1.43 (1.34–1.52)

1.45 (1.37–1.52)

  Depression

5.17 (4.84–5.50)

4.83 (4.56–5.12)

  History of Smoking

1.22 (1.15–1.29)

1.39 (1.33–1.45)

Ordinal intercepts

  Baseline probability of clinical or symptomatic cognitive impairment

0.02 (0.01–0.02)

  Baseline probability of clinical cognitive impairment

0.01 (0.01–0.01)

Random intercepts

  Zip Code

Variance: 0.24

Variance: 0.23