Table 3 Aggregate Cost in U.S dollars of all PPI, benzodiazepine, or antipsychotic drugs from 2013 to 2019 for beneficiaries over 65 yearsa,b
PPI Class | 2013 (n = $71,050,836,274) | 2014 (n = $81,973,711,182) | 2015 (n = $92,529,508,750) | 2016 (n = $100,249,753,916) | 2017 (n = $107,531,371,999) | 2018 (n = $119,157,323,622) | 2019 (n = $132,354,368,318) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dexlansoprazole | 214,257,666 (3016) | 271,867,604 (3317) | 345,694,553 (3736) | 400,355,153 (3994) | 428,920,381 (3989) | 440,172,126 (3694) | 454,994,317 (3438) |
Esomeprazole | 1,838,406,947 (25,875) | 1,950,215,744 (23,791) | 1,656,840,791 (17,906) | 1,160,036,693 (11,571) | 790,467,867 (7351) | 548,797,134 (4606) | 392,139,694 (2963) |
Lansoprazole | 175,009,663 (2463) | 145,050,920 (1769) | 124,945,073 (1350) | 89,526,564 (893) | 70,548,353 (656) | 66,721,947 (560) | 61,824,846 (467) |
Omeprazole | 546,017,766 (7685) | 458,143,392 (5589) | 402,350,325 (4348) | 430,758,245 (4297) | 465,339,922 (4327) | 461,354,660 (3872) | 463,478,280 (3502) |
Pantoprazole | 169,448,043 (2385) | 171,077,701 (2087) | 173,546,791 (1876) | 187,518,248 (1871) | 204,724,125 (1904) | 221,413,798 (1858) | 260,890,013 (1971) |
Rabeprazole | 132,084,336 (1859) | 55,994,036 (683) | 44,772,854 (484) | 38,616,122 (385) | 33,881,913 (315) | 32,600,354 (274) | 31,043,886 (235) |
Totalc | 3,075,224,421 (43,282) | 3,052,349,399 (37,236) | 2,748,150,386 (29,700) | 2,306,811,025 (23,011) | 1,993,882,562 (18,542) | 1,771,060,019 (14,863) | 1,664,371,037 (12,575) |
Benzodiazepines | |||||||
 Alprazolam | 59,779,546 (841) | 64,897,520 (792) | 70,841,054 (766) | 78,206,882 (780) | 76,334,553 (710) | 82,787,025 (695) | 78,495,459 (593) |
 Chlordiazepoxide | 2,511,327 (35) | 2,629,713 (32) | 2,358,428 (25) | 5,307,039 (53) | 10,589,236 (98) | 10,156,464 (85) | 8,977,263 (68) |
 Clonazepam | 36,337,909 (511) | 36,943,872 (451) | 35,498,553 (384) | 46,603,866 (465) | 42,401,690 (394) | 44,309,680 (372) | 45,475,579 (344) |
 Clorazepate | 5,188,731 (73) | 4,921,226 (60) | 6,211,661 (67) | 13,905,167 (139) | 20,277,380 (189) | 19,873,626 (167) | 17,634,246 (133) |
 Diazepam | 14,719,360 (207) | 15,646,497 (191) | 16,302,551 (176) | 17,573,465 (175) | 17,732,681 (165) | 18,552,089 (156) | 16,993,123 (128) |
 Estazolam | 588,400 (8) | 736,312 (9) | 836,528 (9) | 930,009 (9) | 1,006,178 (9) | 1,204,282 (10) | 1,555,074 (12) |
 Eszopiclone | 139,101,466 (1958) | 101,569,293 (1239) | 30,142,622 (326) | 19,652,066 (196) | 17,327,812 (161) | 19,218,936 (161) | 18,502,479 (138) |
 Flurazepam | 314,929 (4) | 353,429 (4) | 465,248 (5) | 488,256 (5) | 442,444 (4) | 463,938 (4) | 185,259 (1) |
 Lorazepam | 67,972,421 (957) | 68,590,970 (837) | 77,512,533 (838) | 80,791,330 (806) | 71,867,245 (668) | 70,564,757 (592) | 69,433,942 (524) |
 Oxazepam | 6,386,352 (90) | 5,695,946 (69) | 4,963,544 (54) | 4,015,017 (40) | 4,160,395 (39) | 3,986,512 (33) | 3,644,592 (28) |
 Temazepam | 37,064,285 (522) | 40,487,830 (494) | 42,890,739 (464) | 39,642,909 (395) | 35,112,223 (327) | 31,928,995 (268) | 29,138,759 (220) |
 Triazolam | 2,550,427 (36) | 4,429,516 (54) | 4,738,528 (51) | 4,429,364 (44) | 5,495,847 (51) | 6,567,877 (55) | 6,320,590 (48) |
 Zolpidem | 115,313,227 (1623) | 102,107,687 (1246) | 104,330,138 (1128) | 95,799,044 (956) | 78,435,056 (729) | 73,375,604 (616) | 70,525,182 (533) |
Totalc | 487,828,377 (6866) | 449,009,812 (5477) | 397,092,128 (4292) | 407,344,414 (4063) | 381,182,739 (3545) | 382,989,785 (3214) | 366,881,546 (2772) |
Antipsychotics | |||||||
 Amoxapine | 499,153 (7) | 588,506 (7) | 573,427 (6) | 526,986 (5) | 487,043 (5) | 163,355 (1) | 219,167 (2) |
 Aripiprazole | 590,466,994 (8310) | 732,163,777 (8932) | 699,936,189 (7564) | 379,335,492 (3784) | 219,441,554 (2041) | 182,150,245 (1529) | 173,416,656 (1310) |
 Asenapine | 9,728,156 (137) | 111,213,935 (137) | 13,569,011 (147) | 16,873,815 (168) | 19,123,233 (178) | 21,280,694 (179) | 21,756,410 (164) |
 Chlorpromazine | 7,131,820 (100) | 9,795,297 (119) | 21,228,046 (229) | 24,273,182 (242) | 26,012,221 (242) | 26,187,645 (220) | 24,511,683 (185) |
 Clozapine | 12,610,319 (177) | 13,795,766 (168) | 15,314,388 (166) | 16,249,377 (162) | 16,369,132 (152) | 16,936,993 (142) | 17,830,752 (135) |
 Haloperidol | 6,769,277 (95) | 10,944,735 (134) | 11,059,976 (120) | 10,376,258 (104) | 9,768,919 (91) | 9,210,830 (77) | 6,922,736 (52) |
 Iloperidone | 5,126,448 (72) | 6,591,321 (80) | 8,408,450 (91) | 8,874,364 (89) | 9,365,596 (87) | 11,108,384 (93) | 12,382,946 (94) |
 Loxapine | 1,150,830 (16) | 1,083,650 (13) | 1,093,348 (12) | 1,114,192 (11) | 1,178,207 (11) | 1,269,508 (11) | 1,299,262 (10) |
 Olanzapine | 171,954,481 (2420) | 121,139,053 (1478) | 68,793,400 (743) | 53,922,986 (538) | 53,003,088 (493) | 55,484,734 (466) | 57,189,092 (432) |
 Paliperidone | 27,481,223 (387) | 36,565,417 (446) | 43,484,885 (470) | 41,845,333 (417) | 42,856,874 (399) | 46,104,999 (387) | 49,418,006 (373) |
 Quetiapine | 329,435,654 (4637) | 287,746,496 (3510) | 239,227,530 (2585) | 225,727,973 (2252) | 164,615,907 (1531) | 121,342,340 (1018) | 124,077,930 (937) |
 Risperidone | 64,862,457 (913) | 50,992,510 (622) | 42,461,823 (459) | 34,760,864 (347) | 33,501,159 (312) | 35,111,661 (295) | 36,775,415 (278) |
Totalc | 1,227,216,812 (17,272) | 1,282,620,463 (15,647) | 1,165,150,475 (12,592) | 813,880,822 (8119) | 595,722,934 (5540) | 526,351,388 (4417) | 525,800,055 (3973) |