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Table 1 Number of beneficiaries over the age of 65 years with at least one claim for a PPI, benzodiazepine, or antipsychotic from 2013 to 2019a

From: Prescribing trends of proton pump inhibitors, antipsychotics and benzodiazepines of medicare part d providers

PPI Class

2013 (n = 28,844,629)

2014 (n = 30,684,148)

2015 (n = 32,313,123)

2016 (n = 33,891,805)

2017 (n = 35,372,145)

2018 (n = 36,932,602)

2019 (n = 38,553,139)

Dexlansoprazole

226,986 (0.8%)

225,310 (0.7%)

232,998 (0.7%)

233,815 (0.7%)

223,256 (0.6%)

211,981 (0.6%)

201,243 (0.5%)

Esomeprazole

1,111,550 (3.9%)

1,061,160 (3.5%)

1,076,591 (3.3%)

916,632 (2.7%)

797,721 (2.3%)

688,701 (1.9%)

672,584 (1.7%)

Lansoprazole

387,702 (1.3%)

380,258 (1.2%)

364,983 (1.1%)

300,835 (0.9%)

244,572 (0.7%)

225,696 (0.6%)

230,987 (0.6%)

Omeprazole

5,108,489 (17.7%)

5,395,876 (17.6%)

5,599,523 (17.3%)

5,671,998 (16.7%)

5,588,075 (15.8%)

5,555,228 (15.0%)

5,649,420 (14.7%)

Pantoprazole

1,758,007 (6.1%)

2,146,790 (7.0%)

2,450,771 (7.6%)

2,738,089 (8.1%)

3,076,216 (8.7%)

3,407,091 (9.2%)

3,781,609 (9.8%)

Rabeprazole

75,443 (0.3%)

61,212 (0.2%)

54,968 (0.2%)

52,534 (0.2%)

49,292 (0.1%)

48,827 (0.1%)

50,459 (0.1%)

Totalb

8,668,177 (30.1%)

9,270,606 (30.2%)

9,779,834 (30.3%)

9,913,903 (29.3%)

9,979,132 (28.2%)

10,137,524 (27.4%)

10,586,302 (27.5%)

Benzodiazepines

 Alprazolam

1,786,661 (6.2%)

1,865,302 (6.1%)

1,980,676 (6.1%)

2,009,077 (5.9%)

2,000,549 (5.7%)

1,965,284 (5.3%)

1,905,324 (4.9%)

 Chlordiazepoxide

31,937 (0.1%)

27,715 (< 0.1%)

25,178 (< 0.1%)

29,595 (< 0.1%)

30,014 (< 0.1%)

26,637 (< 0.1%)

25,674 (< 0.1%)

 Clonazepam

752,162 (2.6%)

813,472 (2.7%)

844,327 (2.6%)

871,342 (2.6%)

886,423 (2.5%)

891,142 (2.4%)

878,711 (2.3%)

 Clorazepate

55,888 (0.2%)

57,288 (0.2%)

54,743 (0.2%)

50,707 (0.1%)

46,122 (0.1%)

40,986 (0.1%)

34,705 (< 0.1%)

 Diazepam

664,643 (2.3%)

684,480 (2.2%)

679,446 (2.1%)

694,963 (2.1%)

697,061 (2.0%)

687,401 (1.9%)

671,488 (1.7%)

 Estazolam

10,435 (< 0.1%)

9439 (< 0.1%)

9190 (< 0.1%)

8651 (< 0.1%)

8307 (< 0.1%)

8300 (< 0.1%)

8567 (< 0.1%)

 Eszopiclone

105,064 (0.4%)

139,817 (0.5%)

85,005 (0.3%)

76,631 (0.2%)

78,527 (0.2%)

81,222 (0.2%)

79,400 (0.2%)

 Flurazepam

14,508 (< 0.1%)

10,050 (< 0.1%)

8148 (< 0.1%)

6463 (< 0.1%)

5075 (< 0.1%)

4731 (< 0.1%)

3359 (< 0.1%)

 Lorazepam

1,617,143 (5.6%)

1,642,220 (5.4%)

1,700,107 (5.3%)

1,709,125 (5.0%)

1,667,926 (4.7%)

1,595,208 (4.3%)

1,531,912 (4.0%)

 Oxazepam

21,148 (< 0.1%)

18,241 (< 0.1%)

15,736 (< 0.1%)

13,899 (< 0.1%)

12,134 (< 0.1%)

10,866 (< 0.1%)

9482 (< 0.1%)

 Temazepam

524,470 (1.8%)

543,168 (1.7%)

557,689 (1.7%)

523,224 (1.5%)

480,709 (1.4%)

462,935 (1.3%)

419,709 (1.1%)

 Triazolam

48,416 (0.2%)

35,747 (0.1%)

32,590 (0.1%)

28,584 (< 0.1%)

26,591 (< 0.1%)

26,758 (< 0.1%)

27,611 (< 0.1%)

 Zolpidem

1,758,215 (6.1%)

1,608,998 (5.2%)

1,449,947 (4.5%)

1,288,142 (3.8%)

1,202,397 (3.4%)

1,185,920 (3.2%)

1,140,302 (3.0%)

Totalb

7,390,690 (25.6%)

7,455,937 (24.3%)

7,442,782 (23.0%)

7,310,403 (21.6%)

7,141,835 (20.2%)

6,987,390 (18.9%)

6,736,244 (17.5%)

Antipsychotics

 Amoxapine

1555 (< 0.1%)

1527 (< 0.1%)

1439 (< 0.1%)

1383 (< 0.1%)

1250 (< 0.1%)

611(< 0.1%)

569 (< 0.1%)

 Aripiprazole

126,298 (0.4%)

131,256 (0.4%)

196,453 (0.6%)

155,139 (0.5%)

165,097 (0.5%)

187,750 (0.5%)

213,379 (0.6%)

 Asenapine

3586 (< 0.1%)

3620 (< 0.1%)

3636 (< 0.1%)

3639 (< 0.1%)

3388 (< 0.1%)

3220 (< 0.1%)

3141 (< 0.1%)

 Chlorpromazine

21,011 (< 0.1%)

20,943 (< 0.1%)

20,062 (< 0.1%)

19,113 (< 0.1%)

18,950 (< 0.1%)

18,362 (< 0.1%)

17,757 (< 0.1%)

 Clozapine

8,813 (< 0.1%)

9,362 (< 0.1%)

10,123 (< 0.1%)

10,730 (< 0.1%)

11,464 (< 0.1%)

12,278 (< 0.1%)

13,004 (< 0.1%)

 Haloperidol

98,486 (0.3%)

94,136 (0.3%)

89,010 (0.3%)

83,392 (0.2%)

78,850 (0.2%)

72,109 (0.2%)

46.401 (0.1%)

 Iloperidone

1337 (< 0.1%)

1329 (< 0.1%)

1183 (< 0.1%)

976 (< 0.1%)

989 (< 0.1%)

1039 (< 0.1%)

1011 (< 0.1%)

 Loxapine

3214 (< 0.1%)

3341 (< 0.1%)

3277 (< 0.1%)

3318 (< 0.1%)

3295 (< 0.1%)

3348 (< 0.1%)

3477 (< 0.1%)

 Olanzapine

191,485 (0.7%)

196,381 (0.6%)

203,320 (0.6%)

211,627 (0.6%)

222,829 (0.6%)

235,154 (0.6%)

248,824 (0.6%)

 Paliperidone

4674 (< 0.1%)

5226 (< 0.1%)

7307 (< 0.1%)

7099 (< 0.1%)

7107 (< 0.1%)

7735 (< 0.1%)

8396 (< 0.1%)

 Quetiapine

538,274 (1.9%)

572,652 (1.9%)

600,267 (1.9%)

631,804 (1.9%)

667,785 (1.9%)

705,936 (1.9%)

743,744 (1.9%)

 Risperidone

339,875 (1.2%)

326,341 (1.1%)

315,664 (1.0%)

305,413 (0.9%)

296,788 (0.8%)

293,081 (0.8%)

291,000 (0.8%)

Totalb

1,338,608 (4.6%)

1,366,114 (4.5%)

1,451,741 (4.5%)

1,433,633 (4.2%)

1,477,792 (4.2%)

1,540,623 (4.2%)

1,590,703 (4.1%)

  1. aPercent of all Medicare Part D beneficiaries over the age of 65 years with a PPI, benzodiazepine, or antipsychotic claim from 2013 to 2018 in parentheses bPer Cochran-Armitage trend test, p-value was < 0.0001 for all class level yearly trends