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Table 1 General characteristics stratified by frailty level (age ≥ 50 years)

From: Association between oral health and frailty: results from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Characteristics

Frailty Phenotype

p

Frailty Index

p

Robust

Pre-frail

Frail

Robust

Pre-frail

Frail

Total participants

2059 (53.79)

1892 (41.83)

205 (4.38)

 

4570 (33.23)

8727 (56.02)

1776 (10.74)

 

Age (years), weighted mean (SE)

59.37 (0.25)

63.90 (0.32)

68.93 (0.89)

p1: <  0.001

p2: <  0.001

58.31 (0.13)

64.07 (0.14)

71.39 (0.28)

p1: <  0.001

p2: <  0.001

Sex

Males

939 (49.57)

829 (45.12)

78 (32.43)

<  0.001

2124 (49.34)

3727 (44.35)

554 (32.05)

<  0.001

Females

1120 (50.43)

1063 (54.88)

127 (67.57)

2446 (50.66)

5000 (55.65)

1222 (67.95)

 

Diet quality

Not poor

743 (56.07)

598 (50.36)

64 (48.01)

0.014

2138 (58.24)

3906 (55.04)

807 (54.38)

0.007

Poora

1316 (43.93)

1294 (49.64)

141 (51.99)

 

2432 (41.76)

4821 (44.96)

969 (45.62)

 

Living in rural areas

No

1093 (53.35)

915 (47.57)

97 (48.42)

0.033

2209 (48.60)

3972 (45.02)

755 (41.85)

0.001

Yesb

966 (46.65)

977 (52.43)

108 (51.58)

 

2361 (51.40)

4755 (54.98)

1021 (58.15)

 

Low household income

No

1216 (62.01)

771 (44.25)

41 (22.99)

<  0.001

2797 (63.36)

3403 (42.41)

324 (20.13)

<  0.001

Yesc

837 (37.99)

1116 (55.75)

163 (77.01)

 

1760 (36.64)

5280 (57.59)

1446 (79.87)

 

Education (years)

≥ 9 years

1629 (80.13)

1092 (60.96)

86 (47.99)

<  0.001

3581 (80.22)

4749 (56.91)

472 (28.88)

<  0.001

< 9 years

430 (19.87)

796 (39.04)

119 (52.01)

 

971 (19.78)

3914 (43.09)

1268 (71.12)

 

Living alone

No

1728 (85.15)

1419 (77.79)

125 (61.73)

<  0.001

3910 (86.38)

6446 (75.39)

926 (51.84)

<  0.001

Yesd

330 (14.85)

472 (22.21)

80 (38.27)

 

656 (13.62)

2275 (24.61)

849 (48.16)

 

Type of national health insurance

Self/workplace

2030 (98.41)

1789 (94.81)

178 (85.86)

<  0.001

4496 (98.42)

8200 (94.08)

1423 (80.94)

<  0.001

Otherse

29 (1.59)

103 (5.19)

27 (14.14)

 

74 (1.58)

527 (5.92)

353 (19.06)

 

Smoking history

Never

1308 (60.81)

1166 (61.10)

139 (70.59)

0.118

2809 (59.99)

5331 (59.97)

1152 (66.38)

<  0.001

Past/currentf

750 (39.19)

723 (38.90)

65 (29.41)

 

1736 (40.01)

3289 (40.03)

558 (33.62)

 

Frequent alcohol drinking

No

648 (30.58)

743 (37.03)

103 (52.76)

<  0.001

1331 (28.41)

3502 (38.36)

1077 (62.10)

<  0.001

Yesg

1411 (69.42)

1147 (62.97)

102 (47.24)

 

3217 (71.59)

5129 (61.64)

641 (37.90)

 

Number of comorbiditiesh

< 2

1305 (65.96)

942 (54.30)

68 (31.69)

<  0.001

3966 (87.57)

3518 (41.83)

408 (26.17)

<  0.001

≥ 2

754 (34.04)

950 (45.70)

137 (68.31)

 

604 (12.43)

5209 (57.17)

1368 (73.83)

 
  1. Unweighted frequencies (weighted percentage) shown, otherwise indicated. Missing data not shown. p-values from chi-square test or ANOVA (p1: robust vs. pre-frail; p2: robust vs. frail). SE: Standard error
  2. a Poor if Korean healthy eating index < 50 (out of 100), a higher score indicating a healthier diet
  3. b Non-metropolitan statistical areas (MSA). MSA were namely Busan, Daegu, Incheon, Gwangju, Daejeon, Sejong, Seoul, and Ulsan
  4. c Equivalised household income i.e., household income/√(number of household members), in the lowest 50%. Quartiles were stratified by sex and age group
  5. d Never married, separated, widowed, or divorced
  6. e Medical aid class 1 or 2, no health insurance, or unknown
  7. f Smoked at least 5 packs of cigarettes in a lifetime
  8. g Drank at least once a month within the past year
  9. h Hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia (namely abnormal blood cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, or low-density lipoprotein), stroke, heart disease (namely myocardial infarction or angina pectoris), arthritis, depression, asthma, cirrhosis, renal failure, and cancer other than skin cancer