Table 2 Estimated regression coefficients from mixed effects modelling to show the effect of training over time (N = 32)

Grip strength (kg)

 Right

29.1 (25.3, 32.8)

0.6 (-0.9, 2.1)

4.2 (2.5, 5.8)^***

7.8 (6.0, 9.5)^***

 Left

27.9 (24.4, 31.3)

0.3 (-1.2, 1.8)

4.0 (2.4, 5.6)^***

6.6 (4.9, 8.2)^***

6-min walk distance (m)

599.8 (577.4, 622.3)

30.2 (14.0, 46.9)^***

71.6 (53.9, 89.3)^***

Stair climb time (sec)

48.1 (44.2, 52.0)

-3.6 (-4.7, -2.4)^***

-5.4 (-6.6, -4.1)^***

-6.2 (-8.0, -4.5)^***

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

124.5 (118.8, 130.2)

-5.9 (-12.2, 0.4)

6.9 (-1.9, 15.7)

Resting heart rate (bpm)

69.4 (64.5, 74.3)

10.1 (5.4, 14.8)^***

-7.4 (-14.1, -0.7)^*

Knee extension peak force (N)

 Right

321.6 (288.3, 355.0)

-9.9 (-38.5, 18.8)

51.7 (9.4, 94.1)^**

 Left

285.9 (254.3, 317.4)

12.4 (-11.4, 36.3)

62.2 (26.3, 98.1)^***

Knee extension RFD (N.s^-1)

 right

133.5 (118.0, 148.9)

46.2 (-104.1, 196.6)

-114.2 (-334.4, 105.9)

 left

584.3 (455.9, 712.7)

268.4 (104.8, 432.0)^**

61.4 (-173.6, 296.4)

Knee extension peak torque (N.m)

 Right

133.5 (118.0, 148.9)

-4.2 (-16.1, 7.6)

20.7 (3.1, 38.3)^**

 Left

118.7 (104.1, 133.3)

4.8 (-4.8, 14.4)

25.0 (10.3, 39.7)^***

Hip extension peak force (N)

 Right

160.1 (146.4, 173.8)

6.9 (-0.3, 14.1)

17.7 (6.9, 28.4)^**

 Left

164.7 (150.0, 179.4)

7.7 (-0.8, 16.1)

28.7 (16.3, 41.0)^***

Hip extension RFD (N.s^-1)

 Right

240.1 (172.9, 307.3)

156.6 (32.7, 280.6)^*

 Left

271.1 (167.2, 375.1)

58.0 (-146.5, 262.4)

Hip extension peak torque (N.m)

 Right

135.6 (122.5, 148.8)

5.8 (-0.4, 11.9)

14.2 (5.0, 23.4)^**

 Left

139.4 (125.9, 153.0)

5.9 (-1.3, 13.0)

22.1 (11.5, 32.7)^***

30s Sit to Stand (W.kg^-1)

7.20 (6.86, 7.53)

0.36 (0.03, 0.69)*

0.48 (0.03, 0.94)^*

Vertical jump (cm)

13.5 (11.8, 15.2)

0.0 (-0.6, 0.6)

0.4 (-0.4, 1.3)

-0.2 (-1.3, 0.8)

30s Sit to Stand (reps)

14.2 (12.9, 15.4)

1.7 (0.4, 2.9)^*

4.9 (3.1, 6.7)^***

Fingertip to floor (cm)

-2.7 (-6.7, 1.3)

-1.6 (-3.8, 0.7)

2.5 (-0.8, 5.8)

Fat mass (kg) DXA

30.92 (27.88, 33.96)

0.02 (-0.42, 0.46)

-0.10 (-0.77, 0.58)

Lean mass (kg) DXA

47.08 (43.38, 50.78)

0.28 (-0.11, 0.66)

0.99 (0.40, 1.57)^***

ASM (kg) DXA – upper + lower limbs

21.34 (19.52, 23.16)

-0.08 (-0.35, 0.20)

0.58 (0.17, 0.99)^**

SMI (kg/m²) DXA

7.27 (6.84, 7.70)

-0.01 (-0.11, 0.08)

0.21 (0.07, 0.35)^**

ASM (kg) BIA – Sergi eqn

43.9 (40.3, 47.5)

0.4 (-0.4, 1.2)

0.7 (-0.4, 1.9)

5x floor transfer time (s)

41.8 (38.1, 45.5)

-5.9 (-8.4, -3.3)^***

-12.4 (-15.4, -9.3)^***

-11.8 (-15.3, -8.3)^***

1RM (kg) – predicted

69.5 (60.0, 78.9)

5.6 (-1.3, 12.6)

21.8 (11.6, 32.0)^***

Standing balance (cm²) – eyes closed

23.3 (17.4, 29.1)

2.1 (-3.5, 7.8)

4.4 (0.4, 8.5)^*

Health change - SF36

52.4 (45.6, 59.2)

-0.1 (-8.5, 8.3)

17.3 (8.2, 26.4)^***

17.0 (7.8, 26.3)^***

Sense of coherence

154.0 (144.7, 163.3)

-3.0 (-11.0, 5.0)

2.6 (-8.3, 13.4)