Table 1 Characteristics of the study participants based on the severity of sarcopenia in the BEH program
|  | Parameters | Total (n = 2368) |  |  | Severe sarcopenia (n = 454) | p-value a | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No sarcopenia (n = 1522) | Mild sarcopenia (n = 392) | ||||||
Demographic & Clinical | Age (years) | 69.30 ± 6.33 | 67.99 ± 5.48 | 69.58 ± 6.05 | 73.44 ± 7.35 | < 0.0001 | |
Sex (Female), n (%) | 1223 (51.65) | 836 (54.93) | 132 (33.67) | 255 (56.17) | < 0.001 | ||
Marital status, n (%) | Single | 19 (0.80) | 10 (0.66) | 2 (0.51) | 7 (1.54) | < 0.001 | |
Married | 1824 (77.03) | 1189 (78.12) | 331 (84.44) | 304 (66.96) | |||
Divorce | 20 (0.84) | 10 (0.66) | 6 (1.53) | 4 (0.88) | |||
Widow | 505 (21.33) | 313 (20.57) | 53 (13.52) | 139 (30.62) | |||
Smoking | None | 1523 (83.41) | 994 (83.95) | 233 (76.90) | 296 (87.32) | 0.003 | |
Yes, occasionally | 30 (1.64) | 15 (1.27) | 10 (3.30) | 5 (1.47) | |||
Yes, regularly | 273 (14.95) | 175 (14.78) | 60 (19.80) | 38 (11.21) | |||
Cognitive disorder, n (%) | 1397 (59.45) | 860 (57.03) | 212 (54.36) | 325 (71.90) | < 0.001 | ||
Metabolic syndrome, n (%) | 1179 (49.81) | 863 (56.70) | 127 (32.40) | 189 (41.72) | < 0.001 | ||
Chronic disease | None | 244 (10.30) | 152 (9.99) | 55 (14.03) | 37 (8.15) | 0.066 | |
One | 317 (13.39) | 199 (13.07) | 53 (13.52) | 65 (14.32) | |||
Two or more | 1807 (76.31) | 1171 (76.94) | 284 (72.45) | 352 (77.53) | |||
SBP (mm Hg) | 139.57 ± 19.32 | 140.08 ± 18.83 | 136.44 ± 20.16 | 140.57 ± 19.98 | 0.0019 | ||
DBP (mm Hg) | 81.49 ± 8.64 | 82.10 ± 8.40 | 80.48 ± 8.74 | 80.29 ± 9.15 | < 0.0001 | ||
BMI (kg/m2) | 27.33 ± 4.63 | 29.05 ± 4.44 | 24.19 ± 3.07 | 24.28 ± 3.16 | < 0.0001 | ||
Waist circumference (cm) | 98.39 ± 11.67 | 101.81 ± 10.98 | 92.33 ± 10.13 | 92.16 ± 10.42 | < 0.0001 | ||
WHR | .89 ± .12 | .90 ± .15 | .89 ± .06 | .88 ± .07 | 0.1193 | ||
IADL (dependent), n (%) | 1201 (56.31) | 751 (53.84) | 164 46.99) | 286 (73.52) | < 0.001 | ||
Sarcopenia parameters | ASM (kg) | 15.89 ± 3.63 | 16.77 ± 3.52 | 15.24 ± 3.13 | 13.51 ± 3.15 | < 0.0001 | |
SMI (kg/m2) | 6.23 ± .98 | 6.58 ± .90 | 5.78 ± .77 | 5.45 ± .76 | < 0.0001 | ||
Total body fat mass (%) | 37.57 ± 8.11 | 38.71 ± 8.11 | 34.00 ± 7.58 | 36.83 ± 7.57 | < 0.0001 | ||
Gait speed (m/s) | .84 ± .30 | .87 ± .31 | 1.05 ± .17 | .59 ± .17 | < 0.0001 | ||
SPPB | 9.38 ± 1.73 | 9.62 ± 1.72 | 9.61 ± 1.04 | 8.22 ± 1.86 | < 0.0001 | ||
Mean hand grip (kg) | 22.22 ± 9.20 | 23.83 ± 9.64 | 22.17 ± 7.61 | 16.88 ± 6.59 | < 0.0001 | ||
Medications | Anti-inflammatory medication, n (%) | 1171 (60.27) | 771 (60.71) | 157 (53.22) | 243 (64.29) | 0.012 | |
AntiPLT medication, n (%) | 995 (51.21) | 661 (52.05) | 137 (46.44) | 197 (52.12) | 0.205 | ||
Antihyperlipidemia medication, n (%) | 807 (41.53) | 563 (44.33) | 111 (37.63) | 133 (35.19) | 0.002 | ||
Anti-HTN medication, n (%) | 1186 (61.04) | 794 (62.52) | 153 (51.86) | 239 (63.23) | 0.002 | ||
DM medication, n (%) | 591 (30.42) | 390 (30.71) | 83 (28.14) | 118 (31.22) | 0.641 | ||
Biochemical parameters | Total cholesterol | 182.13 ± 44.20 | 182.54 ± 44.14 | 181.38 ± 44.38 | 181.39 ± 44.33 | 0.8301 | |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) | 45.96 ± 11.20 | 45.67 ± 10.95 | 45.90 ± 10.99 | 46.99 ± 12.16 | 0.0873 | ||
LDL- cholesterol | 109.40 ± 37.75 | 109.07 ± 38.39 | 110.28 ± 36.88 | 109.74 ± 36.38 | 0.8340 | ||
TG | 135.69 ± 70.27 | 140.45 ± 69.57 | 127.92 ± 63.16 | 126.45 ± 76.77 | 0.0001 | ||
Hgb | 14.50 ± 1.73 | 14.56 ± 1.72 | 14.57 ± 1.65 | 14.21 ± 1.84 | 0.0004 | ||
RBC (10^6) | 5.01 ± .63 | 5.03 ± .62 | 5.03 ± .62 | 4.91 ± .69 | 0.0017 | ||
PLT (10^3) | 262.52 ± 66.02 | 262.10 ± 65.23 | 256.61 ± 67.75 | 269.02 ± 66.75 | 0.0224 | ||
WBC (10^3) | 7.36 ± 2.19 | 7.43 ± 2.36 | 7.16 ± 1.82 | 7.30 ± 1.84 | 0.0789 | ||
PLT to WBC ratio | 37.28 ± 11.34 | 36.94 ± 11.16 | 37.22 ± 11.18 | 38.48 ± 11.99 | 0.0402 | ||
BUN | 14.98 ± 5.70 | 14.59 ± 5.42 | 15.26 ± 5.31 | 16.07 ± 6.73 | < 0.0001 | ||
Creatinine | 1.10 ± .36 | 1.08 ± .35 | 1.12 ± .31 | 1.13 ± .44 | 0.0292 | ||
Uric acid | 5.17 ± 1.30 | 5.21 ± 1.28 | 5.14 ± 1.26 | 5.08 ± 1.39 | 0.1882 | ||
Alk-P | 220.32 ± 75.80 | 222.23 ± 77.74 | 212.07 ± 74.28 | 221.05 ± 69.98 | 0.0593 | ||
HbA1c | 5.67 ± 1.56 | 5.69 ± 1.54 | 5.57 ± 1.47 | 5.66 ± 1.67 | 0.3843 | ||