Table 1 Characteristics of participants

 Cognitive function

14.86 (5.46)

16.05 (5.27)

14.22 (5.45)

< 0.001

 Percentage of the illiterate (%)

11.90 (12.69)

9.11 (9.97)

13.41 (13.72)

< 0.001

 Per-capita net income, Yuan

4895.66 (5751.73)

6802.77 (7306.49)

3863.15 (4365.55)

< 0.001

 Community-level SES

0.00 (1.00)

0.38 (1.03)

−0.20 (0.92)

< 0.001

Community-level SES, n (%) ^a

< 0.001

 Low

8685 (33.32)

1697 (18.54)

6988 (41.32)

 Middle

8683 (33.31)

2741 (29.94)

5942 (35.14)

 High

8697 (33.37)

4717 (51.52)

3980 (23.54)

 Years of schooling, years

5.14 (4.56)

6.37 (4.74)

4.49 (4.32)

< 0.001

 Per household income, Yuan

8910.97 (20,379.19)

13,830.77 (28,937.33)

6247.42 (12,909.19)

< 0.001

 Individual-level SES

−0.00 (1.00)

0.33 (1.24)

−0.18 (0.78)

< 0.001

Individual-level SES, n (%) ^a

< 0.001

 Low

8685 (33.32)

2027 (22.14)

6658 (39.37)

 Middle

8691 (33.34)

2545 (27.80)

6146 (36.35)

 High

8689 (33.34)

4583 (50.06)

4106 (24.28)

 Percentage of residents with non-agricultural work (%)

52.39 (24.64)

74.42 (22.58)

40.46 (15.96)

< 0.001

 Health care facilities, n (%)

< 0.001

     No

24,529 (94.11)

7964 (86.99)

16,565 (97.96)

     Yes

1536 (5.89)

1191 (13.01)

345 (2.04)

 Handicapped access

1.91 (1.43)

2.52 (1.68)

1.58 (1.14)

< 0.001

 Outdoor exercise facilities, n (%)

< 0.001

     No

17,972 (68.95)

4183 (45.69)

13,789 (81.54)

     Yes

8093 (31.05)

4972 (54.31)

3121 (18.46)

 Voluntary social organizations

0.97 (1.15)

1.68 (1.28)

0.59 (0.86)

< 0.001

 Libraries

0.58 (0.61)

0.74 (0.63)

0.49 (0.58)

< 0.001

 Rooms for card games and chess games, n (%)

< 0.001

     No

17,316 (66.43)

3961 (43.27)

13,355 (78.98)

     Yes

8749 (33.57)

5194 (56.73)

3555 (21.02)