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Table 5 Adjusted hazard ratios of total dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and vascular dementia according to quartiles of vitamin, and mineral intakea

From: Long-term association of vegetable and fruit intake with risk of dementia in Japanese older adults: the Hisayama study

Nutrient intake levels

Total dementia

Alzheimer’s disease

Vascular dementia

Number of events/ PYs

Hazard ratio (95% CI)

Number of events/ PYs

Hazard ratio (95% CI)

Number of events/ PYs

Hazard ratio (95% CI)

Multivariable-adjustedb,c

Multivariable-adjustedb,c

Multivariable-adjustedb,c

Vitamin A (I.U/1000 kcal)

 Q1 (M: ≤1178; W: ≤1446)

113/3560

1.00 (reference)

69/3560

1.00 (reference)

37/3560

1.00 (reference)

 Q2 (M: 1179-1575; W: 1447-1884)

128/3870

0.91 (0.70, 1.18)

72/3870

0.84 (0.59, 1.17)

46/3870

1.01 (0.64, 1.59)

 Q3 (M: 1576-2044; W: 1885-2371)

118/3756

0.99 (0.76, 1.29)

79/3757

1.06 (0.76, 1.48)

32/3757

0.86 (0.53, 1.40)

 Q4 (M: ≥2045; W: ≥2372)

105/3964

0.69 (0.52, 0.91)

66/3964

0.69 (0.49, 0.99)

29/3964

0.57 (0.34, 0.95)

P-trend

 

0.02

 

0.13

 

0.02

Thiamin (mg/1000 kcal)

 Q1 (M: ≤0.36; W: ≤0.39)

122/3586

1.00 (reference)

78/3586

1.00 (reference)

36/3586

1.00 (reference)

 Q2 (M: 0.37-0.40; W: 0.40-0.44)

126/3940

0.82 (0.63, 1.06)

70/3940

0.69 (0.49, 0.96)

49/3940

1.14 (0.72, 1.81)

 Q3 (M: 0.41-0.46; W: 0.45-0.49)

111/3851

0.71 (0.54, 0.95)

70/3851

0.67 (0.47, 0.95)

34/3851

0.80 (0.48, 1.35)

 Q4 (M: ≥0.47; W: ≥0.50)

105/3774

0.77 (0.58, 1.03)

68/3774

0.77 (0.53, 1.10)

25/3774

0.64 (0.36, 1.12)

P-trend

 

0.06

 

0.19

 

0.05

Riboflavin (mg/1000 kcal)

 Q1 (M: ≤0.52; W: ≤0.58)

114/3435

1.00 (reference)

70/3435

1.00 (reference)

42/3435

1.00 (reference)

 Q2 (M: 0.53-0.64; W: 0.59-0.71)

123/3837

0.94 (0.71, 1.24)

80/3837

0.97 (0.68, 1.38)

31/3837

0.63 (0.38, 1.05)

 Q3 (M: 0.65-0.77; W: 0.72-0.84)

112/3963

0.70 (0.50, 0.98)

66/3963

0.68 (0.45, 1.05)

39/3963

0.57 (0.33, 1.00)

 Q4 (M: ≥0.78; W: ≥0.85)

115/3916

0.61 (0.39, 0.95)

70/3916

0.61 (0.34, 1.07)

32/3916

0.38 (0.17, 0.83)

P-trend

 

0.01

 

0.04

 

0.02

Vitamin C (mg/1000 kcal)

 Q1 (M: ≤30; W: ≤38)

115/3516

1.00 (reference)

78/3516

1.00 (reference)

31/3516

1.00 (reference)

 Q2 (M: 31-41; W: 39-50)

125/3892

0.92 (0.71, 1.19)

65/3892

0.69 (0.50, 0.97)

47/3892

1.37 (0.86, 2.18)

 Q3 (M: 42-55; W: 51-66)

112/3723

0.83 (0.63, 1.08)

69/3723

0.73 (0.53, 1.02)

40/3723

1.15 (0.71, 1.86)

 Q4 (M: ≥56; W:≥67)

112/4021

0.74 (0.56, 0.96)

74/4021

0.73 (0.52, 1.01)

26/4021

0.61 (0.36, 1.05)

P-trend

 

0.02

 

0.09

 

0.047

Magnesium (mg/1000 kcal)

 Q1 (M: ≤85; W: ≤94)

121/3491

1.00 (reference)

69/3491

1.00 (reference)

41/3491

1.00 (reference)

 Q2 (M: 86-98; W: 95-107)

113/3759

0.77 (0.58, 1.01)

75/3759

0.84 (0.59, 1.19)

33/3759

0.78 (0.48, 1.26)

 Q3 (M: 99-111; W: 108-124)

113/3999

0.61 (0.46, 0.83)

67/3999

0.63 (0.43, 0.93)

37/3999

0.64 (0.38, 1.07)

 Q4 (M: ≥112; W: ≥125)

117/3902

0.69 (0.50, 0.95)

75/3902

0.79 (0.52, 1.19)

33/3902

0.63 (0.35, 1.13)

P-trend

 

0.02

 

0.17

 

0.10

Calcium (mg/1000 kcal)

 Q1 (M: ≤251; W: ≤263)

121/3507

1.00 (reference)

70/3507

1.00 (reference)

44/3507

1.00 (reference)

 Q2 (M: 252-305; W: 264-328)

125/3838

0.81 (0.62, 1.06)

78/3838

0.95 (0.67, 1.34)

35/3838

0.63 (0.39, 1.02)

 Q3 (M: 306-382; W: 329-394)

109/3897

0.59 (0.43, 0.80)

67/3897

0.69 (0.46, 1.03)

32/3897

0.50 (0.29, 0.87)

 Q4 (M: ≥383; W: ≥395)

109/3910

0.50 (0.33, 0.74)

71/3910

0.70 (0.42, 1.19)

33/3910

0.39 (0.19, 0.78)

P-trend

 

< 0.001

 

0.08

 

0.01

Potassium (mg/1000 kcal)

 Q1 (M: ≤1060; W: ≤1200)

118/3551

1.00 (reference)

72/3551

1.00 (reference)

38/3551

1.00 (reference)

 Q2 (M: 1061-1234; W: 1201-1396)

121/3723

0.86 (0.66, 1.13)

70/3723

0.82 (0.58, 1.16)

39/3723

0.95 (0.59, 1.53)

 Q3 (M: 1235-1468; W: 1397-1659)

115/4058

0.71 (0.54, 0.95)

76/4058

0.77 (0.53, 1.10)

38/4058

0.80 (0.49, 1.31)

 Q4 (M: ≥1469; W: ≥1660)

110/3819

0.74 (0.54, 1.02)

68/3819

0.79 (0.53, 1.18)

29/3819

0.58 (0.32, 1.05)

P-trend

 

0.03

 

0.24

 

0.06

  1. a M Men, W Women, PYs person-years, Q Quartile
  2. b Adjusted for age, sex, educational level, history of stroke, diabetes, systolic blood pressure, use of antihypertensive agent, electrocardiogram abnormalities, total cholesterol, body mass index, current drinking, current smoking, regular exercise, and intakes of total energy, protein, fat, and carbohydrate
  3. c n = 1060
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