| |
N (%) or Median(Q1-Q3)
| |
|---|
|
Variables
|
Baseline
|
4-year follow-up
|
|---|
|
All samples
|
ADL disability
|
ADL independent
|
P value
|
|---|
|
Overall
|
2192
|
311
|
1881
| |
|
Age (Years)
| | | |
< 0.001*
|
|
60 ~
|
809 (36.9%)
|
82 (26.4%)
|
727 (38.6%)
| |
|
65 ~
|
569 (26.0%)
|
63 (20.3%)
|
506 (26.9%)
| |
|
70 ~ −
|
423 (19.3%)
|
75 (24.1%)
|
348 (18.5%)
| |
|
75 ~
|
391 (17.8%)
|
91 (29.3%)
|
300 (15.9%)
| |
|
Gender
| | | |
0.045*
|
|
Male
|
892 (40.7%)
|
110 (35.4%)
|
782 (41.6%)
| |
|
Female
|
1300 (59.3%)
|
201 (64.6%)
|
1099 (58.4%)
| |
|
Marital status
| | | |
0.551
|
|
Married/Cohabitated
|
1680 (76.6%)
|
233 (74.9%)
|
1447 (76.9%)
| |
|
Widowed
|
468 (21.4%)
|
73 (23.5%)
|
395 (21.0%)
| |
|
Other
|
44 (2.01%)
|
5 (1.61%)
|
39 (2.07%)
| |
|
Education
| | | |
0.043*
|
|
Illiterate
|
911 (41.6%)
|
153 (49.2%)
|
758 (40.3%)
| |
|
Primary school
|
973 (44.4%)
|
126 (40.5%)
|
847 (45.0%)
| |
|
Middle school
|
214 (9.76%)
|
24 (7.72%)
|
190 (10.1%)
| |
|
High school
|
70 (3.19%)
|
6 (1.93%)
|
64 (3.40%)
| |
|
College and above
|
24 (1.09%)
|
2 (0.64%)
|
22 (1.17%)
| |
|
Social activity
| | | |
0.327
|
|
Never
|
1163 (53.1%)
|
155 (49.8%)
|
1008 (53.6%)
| |
|
Not regularly
|
261 (11.9%)
|
36 (11.6%)
|
225 (12.0%)
| |
|
Almost Weekly
|
212 (9.67%)
|
28 (9.00%)
|
184 (9.78%)
| |
|
Almost daily
|
556 (25.4%)
|
92 (29.6%)
|
464 (24.7%)
| |
|
Smoking
| | | |
0.026*
|
|
Never
|
1482 (67.6%)
|
214 (68.8%)
|
1268 (67.4%)
| |
|
Quit
|
268 (12.2%)
|
40 (12.9%)
|
228 (12.1%)
| |
|
Less than 20 /day
|
212 (9.67%)
|
38 (12.2%)
|
174 (9.25%)
| |
|
More than 20 /day
|
230 (10.5%)
|
19 (6.11%)
|
211 (11.2%)
| |
|
Drinking
| | | |
0.199
|
|
Never
|
1422 (64.9%)
|
207 (66.6%)
|
1215 (64.6%)
| |
|
Quit
|
237 (10.8%)
|
41 (13.2%)
|
196 (10.4%)
| |
|
Less than once/month
|
116 (5.29%)
|
15 (4.82%)
|
101 (5.37%)
| |
|
More than once/month
|
417 (19.0%)
|
48 (15.4%)
|
369 (19.6%)
| |
|
Night sleep (hours)
| | | |
0.021*
|
|
6–9
|
1216 (55.5%)
|
150 (48.2%)
|
1066 (56.7%)
| |
|
< 6
|
807 (36.8%)
|
132 (42.4%)
|
675 (35.9%)
| |
|
> =9
|
169 (7.71%)
|
29 (9.32%)
|
140 (7.44%)
| |
|
Comorbidity
| | | |
0.425
|
|
0
|
471 (21.5%)
|
63 (20.3%)
|
408 (21.7%)
| |
|
1
|
633 (28.9%)
|
83 (26.7%)
|
550 (29.2%)
| |
|
≥ 2
|
1088 (49.6%)
|
165 (53.1%)
|
923 (49.1%)
| |
|
BMI
| | | |
< 0.001 *
|
|
Normal
|
1140 (52.0%)
|
141 (45.3%)
|
999 (53.1%)
| |
|
Underweight
|
201 (9.2%)
|
34 (10.9%)
|
167 (8.9%)
| |
|
Overweight
|
613 (28.0%)
|
76 (24.4%)
|
537 (28.5%)
| |
|
Obese
|
238 (10.9%)
|
60 (19.3%)
|
178 (9.46%)
| |
|
Self-report health
| | | |
< 0.001*
|
|
Good
|
200 (9.12%)
|
23 (7.40%)
|
177 (9.41%)
| |
|
Fair
|
616 (28.1%)
|
71 (22.8%)
|
545 (29.0%)
| |
|
Poor
|
877 (40.0%)
|
116 (37.3%)
|
761 (40.5%)
| |
|
Very poor
|
499 (22.8%)
|
101 (32.5%)
|
398 (21.2%)
| |
|
Depression symptoms
| | | |
< 0.001*
|
|
Normal
|
1180 (53.8%)
|
132 (42.4%)
|
1048 (55.7%)
| |
|
Depression
|
1012 (46.2%)
|
179 (57.6%)
|
833 (44.3%)
| |
|
Cognitive function
|
9.00 [5.50;12.50]
|
7.00 [4.00;10.50]
|
9.50 [6.00;12.50]
|
< 0.001*
|
|
Handgrip strength (kg)
|
24.75 [19.48;31.50]
|
22.00 [16.88;27.75]
|
25.32 [20.00;32.00]
|
< 0.001*
|
|
Gait speed (m/s)
|
0.59 [0.45;0.73]
|
0.51 [0.37;0.64]
|
0.61 [0.46;0.75]
|
< 0.001*
|
|
SPPB score
|
8.00 [6.00;10.0]
|
7.00 [5.00;9.00]
|
8.00 [7.00;10.0]
|
< 0.001*
|
- Note. ADLs activities of daily living, BMI body mass index, SPPB Short Physical Performance Battery
- *p < 0.05
