Table 1 Baseline characteristics in baseline and 2015 follow-up cohort

Overall

2192

311

1881

Age (Years)

< 0.001^*

 60 ~

809 (36.9%)

82 (26.4%)

727 (38.6%)

 65 ~

569 (26.0%)

63 (20.3%)

506 (26.9%)

 70 ~ −

423 (19.3%)

75 (24.1%)

348 (18.5%)

 75 ~

391 (17.8%)

91 (29.3%)

300 (15.9%)

Gender

0.045^*

 Male

892 (40.7%)

110 (35.4%)

782 (41.6%)

 Female

1300 (59.3%)

201 (64.6%)

1099 (58.4%)

Marital status

0.551

 Married/Cohabitated

1680 (76.6%)

233 (74.9%)

1447 (76.9%)

 Widowed

468 (21.4%)

73 (23.5%)

395 (21.0%)

 Other

44 (2.01%)

5 (1.61%)

39 (2.07%)

Education

0.043^*

 Illiterate

911 (41.6%)

153 (49.2%)

758 (40.3%)

 Primary school

973 (44.4%)

126 (40.5%)

847 (45.0%)

 Middle school

214 (9.76%)

24 (7.72%)

190 (10.1%)

 High school

70 (3.19%)

6 (1.93%)

64 (3.40%)

 College and above

24 (1.09%)

2 (0.64%)

22 (1.17%)

Social activity

0.327

 Never

1163 (53.1%)

155 (49.8%)

1008 (53.6%)

 Not regularly

261 (11.9%)

36 (11.6%)

225 (12.0%)

 Almost Weekly

212 (9.67%)

28 (9.00%)

184 (9.78%)

 Almost daily

556 (25.4%)

92 (29.6%)

464 (24.7%)

Smoking

0.026^*

 Never

1482 (67.6%)

214 (68.8%)

1268 (67.4%)

 Quit

268 (12.2%)

40 (12.9%)

228 (12.1%)

 Less than 20 /day

212 (9.67%)

38 (12.2%)

174 (9.25%)

 More than 20 /day

230 (10.5%)

19 (6.11%)

211 (11.2%)

Drinking

0.199

 Never

1422 (64.9%)

207 (66.6%)

1215 (64.6%)

 Quit

237 (10.8%)

41 (13.2%)

196 (10.4%)

 Less than once/month

116 (5.29%)

15 (4.82%)

101 (5.37%)

 More than once/month

417 (19.0%)

48 (15.4%)

369 (19.6%)

Night sleep (hours)

0.021*

 6–9

1216 (55.5%)

150 (48.2%)

1066 (56.7%)

  < 6

807 (36.8%)

132 (42.4%)

675 (35.9%)

  > =9

169 (7.71%)

29 (9.32%)

140 (7.44%)

Comorbidity

0.425

 0

471 (21.5%)

63 (20.3%)

408 (21.7%)

 1

633 (28.9%)

83 (26.7%)

550 (29.2%)

  ≥ 2

1088 (49.6%)

165 (53.1%)

923 (49.1%)

BMI

< 0.001 ^*

 Normal

1140 (52.0%)

141 (45.3%)

999 (53.1%)

 Underweight

201 (9.2%)

34 (10.9%)

167 (8.9%)

 Overweight

613 (28.0%)

76 (24.4%)

537 (28.5%)

 Obese

238 (10.9%)

60 (19.3%)

178 (9.46%)

Self-report health

< 0.001^*

 Good

200 (9.12%)

23 (7.40%)

177 (9.41%)

 Fair

616 (28.1%)

71 (22.8%)

545 (29.0%)

 Poor

877 (40.0%)

116 (37.3%)

761 (40.5%)

 Very poor

499 (22.8%)

101 (32.5%)

398 (21.2%)

Depression symptoms

< 0.001^*

 Normal

1180 (53.8%)

132 (42.4%)

1048 (55.7%)

 Depression

1012 (46.2%)

179 (57.6%)

833 (44.3%)

Cognitive function

9.00 [5.50;12.50]

7.00 [4.00;10.50]

9.50 [6.00;12.50]

< 0.001^*

Handgrip strength (kg)

24.75 [19.48;31.50]

22.00 [16.88;27.75]

25.32 [20.00;32.00]

< 0.001^*

Gait speed (m/s)

0.59 [0.45;0.73]

0.51 [0.37;0.64]

0.61 [0.46;0.75]

< 0.001^*

SPPB score

8.00 [6.00;10.0]

7.00 [5.00;9.00]

8.00 [7.00;10.0]

< 0.001^*