Fig. 3

The Decision curves analysis for different prediction models. Note. Model 1 incorporated seven predictors, including gender, age, smoking, self-report health condition, BMI, depressive symptoms, and cognitive function. Besides, five physical performance-based models were established based on Model 1, adding handgrip strength (Model 2), SPPB (Model 3), gait speed (Model 4), handgrip strength plus SPPB (Model 5), and handgrip strength plus gait speed (Model 6), respectively. Model 1 to Model 6 are presented in purple, dark blue, red, yellow, orange, bright blue lines, respectively. Y-axis indicates net benefit, calculated by summing the benefits (true positives) and subtracting the harms (false positives). The straight line represents the assumption that all participants will develop ADL disability, and the horizontal line represents the assumption that no participants will develop ADL disability