Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants

(n = 752)

Age (years), mean (SD)

66.1 ± 5.0

Sex (female) n, (%)

386 (51.3%)

BMI (kg/m²), mean (SD)

27.0 ± 4.1

- Underweight (<  18.5 kg/m²) n, (%)

3 (0.4%)

- Healthy weight (18.5–24.9 kg/m²) n, (%)

242 (32.2%)

- Overweight (25.0–29.9 kg/m²) n, (%)

353 (46.9%)

- Obese (≥ 30.0 kg/m²) n, (%)

154 (20.5%)

- Secondary n, (%)

326 (43.4%)

- Diploma n, (%)

334 (44.4%)

- Degree n, (%)

92 (12.2%)

- Current daily smokers n, (%)

40 (5.4%)

- Ex-smokers n, (%)

257 (34.5%)

- Never smoked daily n, (%)

447 (60.1%)

- Urban n, (%)

474 (63.0%)

- Rural n, (%)

278 (37.0%)

Physical activity

- None n, (%)

118 (15.7%)

- Insufficient (1–149 min/week) n, (%)

197 (26.2%)

- Sufficient (≥150 min/week) n, (%)

437 (58.1%)

Prevalence of Cardiovascular disease^a, n (%)

94 (12.7%)

Prevalence of Diabetes^a, n (%)

89 (11.9%)

- Person living alone, n (%)

227 (30.2%)

- Married or de facto couple only, n (%)

469 (62.3%)

- Married or de facto couple living with children, n (%)

22 (2.9%)

- One person living with children, n (%)

14 (1.9%)

- Shared household, n (%)

18 (2.4%)

- All other households, n (%)

2 (0.3%)

Energy misreporting ratio, mean (SD)

0.88 ± 0.01

Energy (kJ/day), mean (SD)

7650 ± 2906

Total protein (g/kg/day), mean (SD)

1.19 ± 0.57

Total protein (g/day), mean (SD)

88.2 ± 42.2

 Animal protein (g/day), mean (SD)

51.3 ± 33.3

 Red meat protein (g/day), mean (SD)

18.8 ± 23.8

 Processed animal protein (g/day), mean (SD)

3.8 ± 5.9

 Other animal protein (g/day), mean (SD)

2.9 ± 2.7

 Dairy protein (g/day), mean (SD)

16.6 ± 8.6

 Full-fat dairy protein (g/day), mean (SD)

7.4 ± 6.1

 Low-fat dairy protein (g/day), mean (SD)

9.3 ± 9.0

 Plant protein (g/day), mean (SD)

3.0 ± 3.3

 Soy protein (g/day), mean (SD)

0.8 ± 2.6

 Vegetable protein (g/day), mean (SD)

2.2 ± 1.9

Dietary Guideline Index, mean (SD)

69.3 ± 13.0

Total fat (g/day), mean (SD)

71.9 ± 34.0

Total carbohydrate (g/day), mean (SD)

208.8 ± 75.2