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Table 4 Differences in characteristics for those with the well-being paradox

From: Self-reported health and the well-being paradox among community-dwelling older adults: a cross-sectional study using baseline data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA)

Characteristic

Comprehensive Dataset (n = 12,658) Older Adults with High Multimorbidity (4+) (n = 5363)

High Self-Reported Health (n = 2296)

Low Self-Reported Health (n = 3067)

 

Sex

n

Proportion

n

Proportion

p

 Female

1303

56.75%

1660

54.12%

0.0556

 Male

993

43.25%

1407

45.88%

Age Group

  

p

 Mean Age (SD)

73.81 (5.57)

73.76 (5.77)

0.7754

 Median Age (Range)

74 (65 – 86)

74 (65 – 86)

 

Marital / Partner Status

n

Proportion

n

Proportion

p

 Single / Always lived alone

134

5.84%

179

5.84%

0.9044

 Married / Common-law

1401

61.07%

1853

60.50%

 Widowed, Divorced, Separated

759

33.09%

1031

33.66%

Educationb

n

Proportion

n

Proportion

p

  ≤ High School

711

30.97%

1164

37.95%

<.0001

 Diploma or Degree

1114

48.52%

1445

47.11%

  > Degree/Diploma

471

20.51%

458

14.93%

Economic Statusa(Household Income)

n

Proportion

n

Proportion

p

  < $20,000

132

5.75%

244

7.96%

0.0204

 $20,000 - $49,999

717

31.26%

982

32.05%

 $50,000 – $99,999

833

36.31%

1068

34.86%

 $100,000 - $149,999

279

12.16%

313

10.22%

  ≥ $150,000

115

5.01%

164

5.35%

Level of Multimorbidity

  

p

 Mean Number (SD)b

5.02 (1.26)

5.63 (1.66)

<.0001

 Median Number (Range)

5 (4 – 11)

5 (4 – 14)

 

Depressive Symptoms (CES-D-10)b

  

p

 Mean Score (SD)

4.94 (4.14)

7.12 (5.08)

<.0001

 Median Score (Range)

4 (0 – 26)

6 (0 – 28)

 

Life Space Indexb

  

p

 Mean Score (SD)

81.43 (17.57)

73.73 (20.31)

<.0001

 Median Score (Range)

82 (9 – 120)

74 (6 – 120)

 

Functional Resilienceb

  

p

 Mean Score (SD)

7.49 (2.32)

6.16 (2.87)

<.0001

 Median Score (Range)

6.67 (0 – 10)

6.67 (0 – 10)

 

Psychological Resilienceb

  

p

 Mean Score (SD)

2.62 (1.59)

1.87 (1.62)

<.0001

 Median Score (Range)

2.23 (0 – 5.57)

1.1 (0 – 5.57)

 

Social Resilienceb

  

p

 Mean Score (SD)

6.43 (1.77)

5.92 (1.94)

<.0001

 Median Score (Range)

6.53 (0 – 9.17)

6.10 (0 – 9.17)

 

Total Resilienceb

  

p

 Mean Score (SD)

6.57 (2.45)

5.08 (2.59)

<.0001

 Median Score (Range)

6.67 (0 – 10)

5.53 (0 – 10)

 
  1. aStatistically significant mean differences at <.05
  2. b < .0001 (chi-squared; independent t-tests)
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