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Table 4 Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for factors associated with the cumulative reporting of COVID-19 symptoms, testing and receiving a positive result, older adults, Brazil

From: Coresidence increases the risk of testing positive for COVID-19 among older Brazilians

 

Symptoms

Testing

Positive

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

Fixed

 Living arrangement (versus older adult alone)

  Older adults only

0.737***

(0.69, 0.79)

0.958

(0.88, 1.04)

1.073

(0.90, 1.28)

  Multigenerational

0.705***

(0.65, 0.77)

0.828***

(0.75, 0.91)

1.275*

(1.05, 1.55)

  Skipped generation

0.774***

(0.67, 0.89)

0.789**

(0.67, 0.94)

1.459*

(1.08, 1.96)

  Adults and older adults

0.724***

(0.68, 0.78)

0.937

(0.86, 1.02)

1.196*

(1.01, 1.42)

 Age (in years)

0.999

(1.00, 1.00)

0.991***

(0.99, 0.99)

0.986***

(0.98, 0.99)

 Female (versus male)

1.033

(0.99, 1.08)

0.946*

(0.90, 0.99)

0.938

(0.86, 1.03)

 Race (versus White)

  Black

1.103*

(1.02, 1.20)

0.990

(0.90, 1.08)

0.973

(0.81, 1.17)

  Brown

1.081**

(1.03, 1.13)

0.978

(0.93, 1.03)

1.067

(0.96, 1.18)

  Indigenous

1.609**

(1.15, 2.24)

1.427*

(1.00, 2.03)

1.502

(0.82, 2.75)

  Other

1.069

(0.85, 1.35)

0.941

(0.73, 1.21)

0.655

(0.36, 1.20)

 Education (versus no schooling)

  Less than HS

0.977

(0.92, 1.04)

1.049

(0.97, 1.13)

1.088

(0.94, 1.26)

  HS complete

0.905*

(0.84, 0.98)

1.285***

(1.18, 1.41)

1.417***

(1.19, 1.69)

  College or more

0.839***

(0.76, 0.92)

1.705***

(1.55, 1.88)

1.456***

(1.20, 1.77)

 Per capita household quartile (versus 1st)

  2

0.970

(0.91, 1.03)

0.952

(0.88, 1.03)

1.031

(0.88, 1.20)

  3

0.958

(0.90, 1.02)

1.130**

(1.05, 1.22)

1.257**

(1.08, 1.47)

  4

0.894**

(0.83, 0.96)

1.426***

(1.32, 1.54)

1.564***

(1.33, 1.84)

 Region (versus North)

  Northeast

0.850***

(0.78, 0.92)

0.871**

(0.80, 0.95)

0.623***

(0.54, 0.72)

  Southeast

0.746***

(0.69, 0.81)

0.590***

(0.54, 0.64)

0.334***

(0.29, 0.39)

  South

0.879**

(0.81, 0.96)

0.525***

(0.48, 0.58)

0.259***

(0.22, 0.31)

  Center West

0.950

(0.86, 1.04)

0.960

(0.87, 1.06)

0.693***

(0.59, 0.82)

 Rural (versus urban)

0.952

(0.90, 1.00)

0.589***

(0.55, 0.63)

0.609***

(0.53, 0.70)

 Health conditions (versus none)

  Diabetes

1.217***

(1.16, 1.28)

1.125***

(1.06, 1.19)

1.281***

(1.15, 1.43)

  Hypertension

1.210***

(1.16, 1.26)

1.043

(0.99, 1.09)

1.175***

(1.07, 1.29)

  Heart disease

1.437***

(1.35, 1.53)

1.437***

(1.06, 1.23)

1.097

(0.95, 1.27)

  Asthma

2.099***

(1.95, 2.26)

1.355***

(1.24, 1.48)

1.231*

(1.03, 1.48)

  Cancer

1.300***

(1.17, 1.44)

1.173**

(1.05, 1.32)

1.142

(0.91, 1.44)

  Depression

1.767***

(1.63, 1.91)

1.157**

(1.05, 1.28)

1.229*

(1.01, 1.49)

 Proxy respondent (versus no)

0.665***

(0.64, 0.70)

0.928**

(0.88, 0.98)

0.964

(0.87, 1.06)

 Constant

0.37

(0.30, 0.47)

0.05

(0.31, 0.52)

0.10

(0.06, 0.17)

  1. Source: Authors’ calculations using data from the COVID-19 PNAD, cumulative July–November. Robust standard errors
  2. Note: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, 95% CI: 95% confidence interval