Daily associations between affect and cognitive performance in older adults with depression and cognitive impairment: a series of seven single-subject studies in the Netherlands

Table 3 Granger Causality Tests and Contemporaneous Associations for Visual Learning and Affect for All Patients

Patient	Granger Causality VAR Estimate (p-value)^a				Contemporaneous Associations r (p-value)
	NA→VL	VL→NA	PA→VL	VL→PA	NA↔VL	PA↔VL
4	-0.097 (.33)	-0.096 (.39)	-0.093 (.43)	0.069 (.34)	-.06 (.56)	.03 (.76)
5	-0.065 (.63)	0.143 (.26)	0.056 (.67)	-0.024 (.82)	.06 (.65)	-.11 (.41)
7^b	-0.139 (.35)	-0.056 (.58)	0.011 (.89)	-0.000 (.99)	-.18 (.16)	.24 (.06)
8^c	0.106 (.25)	-0.171 (.30)	0.109 (.40)	0.219 (.04)	-.14 (.29)	.19 (.14)
9^d	0.016 (.88)	0.035 (.83)	-0.101 (.49)	-0.056 (.57)	-.07 (.61)	-.27 (.03)
10	0.058 (.55)	-0.506 (<.001)	-0.034 (.69)	0.450 (.001)	.00 (.98)	-.00 (.98)
11^e	-	-	-0.114 (.15)	0.051 (.78)	-	.02 (.88)

Note. NA negative affect, PA positive affect, VL Visual learning. Changes in the variable before the arrow (→) precede changes in the variable after the arrow. Contemporaneous associations are represented by a double-headed arrow (↔)
^a p-value used to determine statistical significance was derived from the Granger causality test. df = 1 in all Granger causality tests. ^bPA and VL were transformed on a logistic scale. ^cNA and VL were transformed on a logistic scale. ^dNA was transformed on an inverse scale (1/NA). ^eNo valid models constructed due to non-normality of NA. Bold numbers represent statistical significance at p<.01

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