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Table 2 Granger Causality Tests and Contemporaneous Associations for Working Memory and Affect for All Patients

From: Daily associations between affect and cognitive performance in older adults with depression and cognitive impairment: a series of seven single-subject studies in the Netherlands

Patient

Granger Causality

VAR Estimate (p-value)a

Contemporaneous Associations

r (p-value)

 

NA→WM

WM→NA

PA→WM

WM→PA

NA↔WM

PA↔WM

4

0.246(.005)

0.010(.94)

0.123(.24)

-0.019 (.83)

-.01 (.95)

.20 (.06)

5

-0.007 (.94)

-0.134 (.37)

0.106 (.32)

0.092 (.50)

.09 (.52)

.09 (.48)

7b

-0.070 (.46)

-0.206 (.16)

-0.019 (.79)

0.326 (.15)

.02 (.85)

-.02 (.86)

8c

-0.212 (.09)

-0.151 (.27)

0.221 (.12)

0.114 (.32)

-.37 (.003)

.35 (.005)

9d

-0.224 (.05)

0.289 (.02)

0.097 (.55)

0.108 (.21)

.22 (.08)

.11 (.41)

10

-0.098 (.43)

0.023 (.84)

0.054 (.62)

-0.100 (.37)

-.23 (.05)

.03 (.80)

11e

-

-

0.054 (.47)

-0.319(.06)

-

-.08 (.53)

  1. Note. NA = Negative affect, PA Positive affect, WM Working memory. Changes in the variable before the arrow (→) precede changes in the variable after the arrow. Contemporaneous associations are represented by a double-headed arrow (↔)
  2. a p-value used to determine statistical significance was derived from the Granger causality test. df = 1 in all Granger causality tests. bPA was transformed on a logistic scale. cNA was transformed on a logistic scale. dNA was transformed on an inverse scale (1/NA). eNo valid models constructed due to non-normality of NA. Bold numbers represent statistical significance at p<.01