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Table 1 Characteristics of participants by number of ACEs

From: Adverse childhood experiences and handgrip strength among middle-aged and older adults: a cross-sectional study in China

Characteristicsa

Total

No. of ACEs

p for difference

p for trend

0

1

2

 ≥ 3

  

n

7209

1424 (19.8%)

1950 (27.0%)

1577 (21.9%)

2258 (31.3%)

  

Demographic and lifestyle factors

 Mean age (years)

60.8 (8.9)

60.0 (8.6)

60.4 (8.9)

60.6 (8.8)

61.8 (9.1)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 Sex, n (%)

     

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

  Men

3396 (47.1%)

580 (40.7%)

883 (45.3%)

772 (49.0%)

1161 (51.4%)

  

  Women

3813 (52.9%)

844 (59.3%)

1067 (54.7%)

805 (51.0%)

1097 (48.6%)

  

 Marital status, n (%)

     

0.041

0.015

  Married or cohabitated

6353 (88.1%)

1279 (89.8%)

1715 (87.9%)

1399 (88.7%)

1960 (86.8%)

  

  Unmarried

856 (11.9%)

145 (10.2%)

235 (12.1%)

178 (11.3%)

298 (13.2%)

  

 Ethnicity, n (%)

     

0.918

0.499

  Han ethnicity

6683 (92.7%)

1316 (92.4%)

1806 (92.6%)

1461 (92.6%)

2100 (93.0%)

  

  Ethnic minority population

526 (7.3%)

108 (7.6%)

144 (7.4%)

116 (7.4%)

158 (7.0%)

  

 Area of residence, n (%)

     

0.004

0.001

  Rural

4660 (64.6%)

897 (63.0%)

1224 (62.8%)

1013 (64.2%)

1526 (67.6%)

  

  Urban

2549 (35.4%)

527 (37.0%)

726 (37.2%)

564 (35.8%)

732 (32.4%)

  

 Smoking status, n (%)

     

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

  Never smoker

4110 (57.0%)

906 (63.6%)

1146 (58.8%)

854 (54.2%)

1204 (53.3%)

  

  Ever smoker

999 (13.9%)

172 (12.1%)

260 (13.3%)

239 (15.2%)

328 (14.5%)

  

  Current smoker

2100 (29.1%)

346 (24.3%)

544 (27.9%)

484 (30.7%)

726 (32.2%)

  

 Drinking status, n (%)

     

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

  Never drinker

3884 (53.9%)

880 (61.8%)

1100 (56.4%)

788 (50.0%)

1116 (49.4%)

  

  Ever drinker

809 (11.2%)

125 (8.8%)

211 (10.8%)

180 (11.4%)

293 (13.0%)

  

  Current drinker

2516 (34.9%)

419 (29.4%)

639 (32.8%)

609 (38.6%)

849 (37.6%)

  

Health assessment

 BMI (kg/m2)

23.9 (3.8)

24.2 (3.8)

24.0 (3.7)

24.1 (3.8)

23.6 (3.8)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 Systolic BP (mmHg)

128.1 (19.9)

127.7 (19.7)

128.5 (19.4)

129.2 (20.6)

127.4 (20.1)

0.037

0.520

 Diastolic BP (mmHg)

75.6 (11.8)

75.5 (11.9)

75.5 (11.4)

76.5 (12.0)

74.9 (11.9)

 < 0.001

0.289

History of chronic diseases, n (%)

 Hypertension

3109 (43.1%)

598 (42.0%)

832 (42.7%)

698 (44.3%)

981 (43.4%)

0.608

0.303

 Dyslipidaemia

1172 (16.3%)

217 (15.2%)

298 (15.3%)

270 (17.1%)

387 (17.1%)

0.203

0.052

 DM

1265 (17.5%)

248 (17.4%)

320 (16.4%)

280 (17.8%)

417 (18.5%)

0.372

0.196

 CVD

1314 (18.2%)

252 (17.7%)

318 (16.3%)

279 (17.7%)

465 (20.6%)

0.003

0.004

 Arthritis

2704 (37.5%)

425 (29.8%)

634 (32.5%)

612 (38.8%)

1033 (45.7%)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 Hip fracture

149 (2.1%)

25 (1.8%)

40 (2.1%)

26 (1.6%)

58 (2.6%)

0.183

0.129

 Memory-related disease

168 (2.3%)

29 (2.0%)

34 (1.7%)

37 (2.3%)

68 (3.0%)

0.044

0.014

HGS (kg)

 Men

37.7 (8.5)

38.6 (7.7)

38.4 (8.9)

38.1 (8.5)

36.5 (8.4)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 Women

25.5 (6.5)

26.2 (6.3)

25.8 (6.5)

25.7 (6.5)

24.5 (6.6)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

LMS, n (%)

 Men

695 (20.5%)

94 (16.2%)

168 (19.0%)

145 (18.8%)

288 (24.8%)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 Women

788 (20.7%)

150 (17.8%)

205 (19.2%)

158 (19.6%)

275 (25.1%)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

  1. ACE adverse childhood experience, BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, CVD cardiovascular disease, DM diabetes mellitus, HGS handgrip strength, LMS low muscle strength
  2. aContinuous data were reported as mean (SD) and categorical data were reported as number (percentage)