Variables | Total sample | Normal handgrip strength | Low handgrip strength | Standardize diff | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | 876 | 730 | 146 | ||
Age (years)(mean, SD) | 64.67 ± 13.81 | 62.78 ± 13.86 | 74.10 ± 8.75 | 0.98 (0.79, 1.16) | < 0.001 |
Depression score(mean, SD) | 3.91 ± 5.50 | 3.73 ± 4.98 | 4.79 ± 7.56 | 0.17 (-0.01, 0.34) | 0.033 |
BMI(mean, SD) | 29.02 ± 6.57 | 29.23 ± 6.57 | 27.85 ± 6.43 | 0.21 (0.03, 0.40) | 0.024 |
Handgrip strength(kg) (mean, SD) | 32.53 ± 10.96 | 35.01 ± 10.02 | 20.15 ± 5.85 | 1.81 (1.61, 2.01) | < 0.001 |
Gender (n, %) | 0.14 (-0.04, 0.31) | 0.137 | |||
Male | 403 (46.00%) | 344 (85.36%) | 59 (14.64%) | ||
Female | 473 (54.00%) | 386 (81.61) | 87 (18.39%) | ||
Education (n, %) | 0.38 (0.20, 0.55) | < 0.001 | |||
Less than 12 grades | 161 (18.38%) | 117(72.67%) | 44 (27.33%) | ||
High school graduate | 178 (20.32%) | 146 (82.02%) | 32 (17.98%) | ||
Some college | 277 (31.62%) | 239 (86.28%) | 38 (13.72%) | ||
College graduate above | 260 (29.68%) | 228 (87.69%) | 32 (12.31%) | ||
Race (n, %) | .12 (-0.06, 0.30) | 0.458 | |||
Other | 156 (17.81%) | 130 (83.33%) | 26 (16.67%) | ||
Non-Hispanic White | 576 (65.75%) | 475 (82.47%) | 101 (17.53%) | ||
Non-Hispanic Black | 144 (16.44%) | 125 (86.81%) | 19 (13.19%) | ||
Marital status (n, %) | 0.45 (0.27, 0.63) | < 0.001 | |||
Married | 493 (56.34%) | 434 (88.03%) | 59 (11.97%) | ||
Widowed or divorced | 268 (30.63%) | 198 (73.88%) | 70 (26.12%) | ||
Other | 114 (13.03%) | 97 (85.09%) | 17 (14.91%) | ||
Overweight (n, %) | 0.08 (-0.10, 0.25) | 0.404 | |||
Yes | 345 (39.38%) | 292 (84.64%) | 53 (15.36%) | ||
No | 531 (60.62%) | 438 (82.49%) | 93 (17.51%) | ||
Arthritis (n, %) | 0.44 (0.26, 0.62) | < 0.001 | |||
Yes | 455 (51.94%) | 354 (77.80%) | 101 (22.20%) | ||
No | 417 (47.60%) | 373 (89.45%) | 44 (10.55%) | ||
Not recorded | 4 (0.46%) | 3 (75.00%) | 1 (25.00%) | ||
Gout (n, %) | 0.18 (0.00, 0.36) | 0.115 | |||
Yes | 81 (9.25%) | 61 (75.31%) | 20 (24.69%) | ||
No | 794 (90.64%) | 668 (84.13%) | 126 (15.87%) | ||
Not recorded | 1 (0.11%) | 1 (100.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | ||
CHF (n, %) | 0.34 (0.17, 0.52) | < 0.001 | |||
Yes | 59 (6.74%) | 37 (62.71%) | 22 (37.29%) | ||
No | 815 (93.04%) | 691 (84.79%) | 124 (15.21%) | ||
Not recorded | 2 (0.23%) | 2 (100.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | ||
CHD | 0.31 (0.13, 0.49) | < 0.001 | |||
Yes | 68 (7.76%) | 45 (66.18%) | 23 (33.82%) | ||
No | 803 (91.67%) | 681 (84.81%) | 122 (15.19%) | ||
Not recorded | 5 (0.57%) | 4 (80.00%) | 1 (20.00%) | ||
History of Stroke (n, %) | 0.32 (0.14, 0.50) | < 0.001 | |||
Yes | 74 (8.45%) | 50 (67.57%) | 24 (32.43%) | ||
No | 800 (91.32%) | 679 (84.88%) | 121 (15.12%) | ||
Not recorded | 2 (0.23%) | 1 (50.00%) | 1 (50.00%) | ||
Thyroid (n, %) | 0.20 (0.02, 0.37) | 0.022 | |||
Yes | 178 (20.32%) | 142 (79.78%) | 36 (20.22%) | ||
No | 695 (79.34%) | 587 (84.46%) | 108 (15.54%) | ||
Not recorded | 3 (0.34%) | 1 (33.33%) | 2 (66.67%) | ||
Chronic bronchitis (n, %) | 0.11 (-0.07, 0.29) | 0.331 | |||
Yes | 87 (9.93%) | 70 (80.46%) | 17 (19.54%) | ||
No | 787 (89.84%) | 659 (83.74%) | 128 (16.26%) | ||
Not recorded | 2 (0.23%) | 1 (50.00%) | 1 (50.00%) | ||
Liver disease (n, %) | 0.12 (-0.06, 0.29) | 0.172 | |||
Yes | 61 (6.96%) | 47 (77.05%) | 14 (22.95%) | ||
No | 815 (93.04%) | 683 (83.80%) | 132 (16.20%) | ||
Depression (n, %) | 0.12 (-0.06, 0.30) | 0.162 | |||
No | 763 (87.10%) | 641 (84.01%) | 122 (15.99%) | ||
Yes | 113 (12.90%) | (78.76%) | 24 (21.24%) | ||
Sleep disorder (n, %) | 0.14 (-0.04, 0.32) | 0.121 | |||
Yes | 338 (38.58%) | 290 (85.80%) | 48 (14.20%) | ||
No | 538 (61.42%) | 440 (81.78%) | 98 (18.22%) | ||
Leisure time physical activity (n, %) | 0.53 (0.35, 0.70) | < 0.001 | |||
Inactive | 562 (64.16%) | 444 (79.00%) | 118 (21.00%) | ||
Insufficiently active | 76 (8.68%) | 63 (82.89%) | 13 (17.11%) | ||
Sufficiently active | 238 (27.17%) | 223 (93.70%) | 15 (6.30%) | ||
Polypharmacy (n, %) | 0.38 (0.19, 0.56) | < 0.001 | |||
< 5 | 453 (57.93%) | 394 (86.98%) | 59 (13.02%) | ||
> = 5 | 329 (42.07%) | 250 (75.99%) | 79 (24.01%) | ||
Type of cancer (n, %) | 0.29 (0.11, 0.47) | 0.201 | |||
Others | 176 (20.18%) | 148 (84.09%) | 28 (15.91%) | ||
Skin | 202 (23.17%) | 168 (83.17%) | 34 (16.83%) | ||
Prostate | 121 (13.88%) | 101 (83.47%) | 20 (16.53%) | ||
Melanoma | 58 (6.65%) | 53 (91.38%) | 5 (8.62%) | ||
Lung | 25 (2.87%) | 19 (76.00%) | 6 (24.00%) | ||
Gynecological | 110 (12.61%) | 97 (88.18%) | 13 (11.82%) | ||
Colon | 45 (5.16%) | 36 (80.00%) | 9 (20.00%) | ||
Breast | 135 (15.48%) | 104 (77.04%) | 31 (22.96%) |