Table 3 Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for multimorbidity based on hierarchical logistic regression for the whole participants (n = 3,377) from KORA-Age 1 and KORA-Age 3

Standardized age

1.12 (1.08–1.16)

1.12 (0.98–1.29)

1.11 (0.96–1.27)

Birth phases (ref: After famine)

Pre-war

1.64 (1.32–2.05)

1.26 (0.88–1.82)

1.35 (0.92–1.98)

Early war

1.16 (0.95–1.41)

1.09 (0.88–1.34)

1.08 (0.87–1.34)

Late war

2.3 (1.72–3.07)

1.69 (1.08–2.64)

1.83 (1.15–2.91)

Famine

1.64 (1.30–2.07)

1.39 (1.04–1.87)

1.35 (0.99–1.84)

Female (ref: male)

0.98 (0.83–1.16)

Education (ref: low)

Middle

0.82 (0.63–1.05)

High

0.72 (0.55–0.95)

Alcohol consumption (ref: never or rare use)

Once a week

0.99 (0.81–1.20)

Daily use

0.76 (0.64–0.91)

Physical Activity (active)

Inactive

1.47 (1.26–1.72)

BMI (ref: underweight or normal)

Overweight

1.32 (1.11–1.57)

Obesity class I

1.92 (1.55–2.38)

Obesity class II or III

3.09 (2.21–4.33)

Smoking behavior (ref: never smoker)

Active smoker

1.34 (1.05–1.72)

Ex-smoker

1.36 (1.16–1.59)

Cognitive status (ref: good)

Mildly impaired

1.43 (1.07–1.92)

Impaired

1.32 (0.81–2.18)

AIC

4638.4

4639.0

4637.8

4373.6