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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants by follow-up homebound status

From: Longitudinal association between personality traits and homebound status in older adults: results from the National Health and Aging Trends Study

Characteristics

Total (N = 1538)

Homebound (n = 42, G1)

Semi-homebound (n = 195, G2)

Non-homebound (n = 1301, G3)

F or χ2

p values

p values for paired comparisons

G1 vs G2

G1 vs G3

G2 vs G3

Age, mean (SD†), years

77.0 (6.70)

82.1 (6.59)

80.1 (7.26)

76.4 (6.41)

40.43

< 0.001

0.217

< 0.001

< 0.001

Gender, n (%)

    

13.47

0.001

0.032

0.001

0.049

 Female

848 (55.1)

33 (78.6)

119 (61.0)

696 (53.5)

     

 Male

690 (44.9)

9 (21.4)

76 (39.0)

605 (46.5)

     

Race, n (%)

    

20.64

0.002

0.209

0.003

0.037

 White, non-Hispanic

1174 (76.3)

23 (54.8)

139 (71.3)

1012 (77.8)

     

 Black, non-Hispanic

263 (17.1)

15 (35.7)

46 (23.6)

202 (15.5)

     

 Hispanic

63 (4.1)

3 (7.1)

7 (3.6)

53 (4.1)

     

 Other

38 (2.5)

1 (2.4)

3 (1.5)

34 (2.6)

     

Education, n (%)

    

25.22

< 0.001

0.573

0.005

0.002

 Less than high school

295 (19.3)

16 (38.1)

54 (27.7)

225 (17.4)

     

 High school graduates

402 (26.3)

11 (26.2)

54 (27.7)

337 (26.0)

     

 Some college or vocational school

387 (25.3)

8 (19.0)

43 (22.1)

336 (26.0)

     

 Bachelor or higher

447 (29.2)

7 (16.7)

44 (22.6)

396 (30.6)

     

Living arrangement, n (%)

    

24.86

< 0.001

0.177

0.003

0.006

 Alone

500 (32.5)

17 (40.5)

78 (40.0)

405 (31.3)

     

 With spouse/partner only

690 (44.9)

10 (23.8)

66 (33.8)

614 (47.2)

     

 With others only

208 (13.5)

12 (28.6)

30 (15.4)

166 (12.8)

     

 With spouse/partner and with others

140 (9.1)

3 (7.1)

21 (10.8)

116 (8.9)

     

Number of ADL† difficulties, mean (SD†)

0.17 (0.47)

0.33 (0.61)

0.35 (0.65)

0.14 (0.42)

86.87

< 0.001

1.000

0.022

< 0.001

Number of chronic illnesses, n (%)

    

29.90

< 0.001

0.882

0.058

< 0.001

 0

138 (9.0)

1 (2.4)

7 (3.6)

130 (10.0)

     

 1–3

1137 (73.9)

30 (71.4)

133 (68.2)

974 (74.9)

     

 4+

263 (17.1)

11 (26,2)

55 (28.2)

197 (15.1)

     

Dementia, n (%)

    

19.89

< 0.001

0.190

< 0.001

0.002

 Yes

47 (3.1)

5 (11.9)

12 (6.2)

30 (2.3)

     

 No

1491 (96.9)

37 (88.1)

183 (93.9)

1271 (97.9)

     

Anxiety symptom, n (%)

    

13.01

0.001

0.382

0.577

< 0.001

 Yes

93 (6.1)

3 (7.1)

23 (11.8)

67 (5.2)

     

 No

1435 (93.9)

39 (92.9)

172 (88.2)

1224 (94.8)

     

Depressive symptom, n (%)

    

4.48

0.106

   

 Yes

98 (6.4)

37 (92.5)

175 (90.2)

1224 (94.2)

     

 No

1436 (93.6)

3 (7.5)

19 (9.8)

76 (5.9)

     

Pain, n (%)

    

4.70

0.095

   

 Yes

771 (50.1)

16 (38.1)

88 (45.1)

663 (51.0)

     

 No

767 (49.9)

26 (61.9)

107 (54.9)

638 (49.0)

     

Hospitalization, n (%)

    

17.94

< 0.001

0.570

0.011

< 0.001

 Yes

282 (18.4)

13 (31.7)

53 (27.3)

216 (16.6)

     

 No

1254 (81.6)

28 (68.3)

141 (72.7)

1085 (83.4)

     

Personality traits, mean (SD†)

 Conscientiousness

3.32 (0.65)

3.21 (0.85)

3.14 (0.71)

3.35 (0.63)

9.18

< 0.001

1.000

0.565

< 0.001

 Extraversion

3.21 (0.72)

3.14 (0.78)

3.11 (0.75)

3.23 (0.71)

2.62

0.073

   

 Neuroticism

2.15 (0.82)

2.10 (0.86)

2.13 (0.87)

2.15 (0.81)

0.14

0.869

   

 Openness

2.92 (0.81)

2.67 (0.90)

2.84 (0.86)

2.94 (0.80)

3.29

0.038

0.632

0.101

0.353

 Agreeableness

3.60 (0.51)

3.49 (0.66)

3.59 (0.59)

3.60 (0.49)

0.98

0.377

   
  1. †SD Standard Deviation, ADL Activities of Daily Living