Certainty assessment | № of patients | Effect | Certainty | Importance | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
№ of studies | Study design | Risk of bias | Inconsistency | Indirectness | Imprecision | Other considerations | BDLM | Placebo | Relative (95% CI) | Absolute (95% CI) | ||
Mortality | ||||||||||||
0 | not estimable | – | CRITICAL | |||||||||
Hospitalization (timing of exposure: 30 days; assessed with: number of cases with hospitalization for traumatic brain injury and hip fractures) | ||||||||||||
3 (80–82) | observational studies | – | CRITICAL | |||||||||
Quality of life (Eszopiclone vs. placebo) (follow up: mean 12 weeks; assessed with: SF-36) | ||||||||||||
1 (66) | randomized trials | serious a | not serious | not serious | not serious | none | 194 | 194 | – | mean 71.6 higher (0 to 0) | ⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE | CRITICAL |
Accidental event (follow up: mean 3 months; assessed with: events) | ||||||||||||
1 (83) | observational studies | not serious | not serious | not serious | not serious | none | 440/156,987 (0.3%) | 0.5/988 (0.1%) | OR 2.77 (CI95 0.38 to 19.76) | 1 more per 1000 (from 0 fewer to 9 more) | ⨁⨁⨁⨁ HIGH | CRITICAL |
Hip fracture with Zolpidem (timing of exposure: range 1 day to 180 days; assessed with: events) | ||||||||||||
3 (78, 81, 82) | observational studies | not serious | not serious | not serious | not serious | none | 4307 cases 17,115 controls | OR 1.50 (CI95 0.96 to 2.34) | – | ⨁⨁⨁⨁ HIGH | CRITICAL | |
Any fracture with Zolpidem (timing of exposure: mean 1 day; assessed with: events) | ||||||||||||
2 (76, 79) | observational studies | not serious | not serious | not serious | not serious | none | 7518 cases 30,072 controls | OR 1.22 (CI95 1.01 to 1.48) | – | ⨁⨁⨁⨁ HIGH | CRITICAL | |
Falls (timing of exposure: mean 1 day; assessed with: events) | ||||||||||||
1 (75) | observational studies | serious b | not serious | not serious | not serious | none | 165 cases 165 controls | OR 2.38 (CI95 1.04 to 5.43) | – | ⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE | CRITICAL | |
Effect “well-rested” (follow up: 12 weeks; assessed with: sleep quality 11-point Likert scale Eszopiclone 2 mg vs placebo; Scale from: 0 to 11) | ||||||||||||
1 (73) | randomized trials | 79 | 80 | – | SMD 7.1 SD higher (0 to 0) | – | CRITICAL |