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Table 1 Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics of non-frail and frail (assessed by the four frailty instruments) elderly COPD patients (n = 302)

From: Four different frailty models predict health outcomes in older patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

 

Total cohort

Fried Frailty Phenotype

Short Physical Performance Battery

Clinical Frailty Scale

Frailty Index of Accumulative Deficits

Non-frail

Fraila

P-value

Non-frail

Frailb

P-value

Non-frail

Frailc

P-value

Non-frail

Fraild

P-value

N (%)

302

148 (49.0)

154 (51.0)

 

125 (41.4)

177 (58.6)

 

108 (35.8)

194 (64.2)

 

122

(40.4)

180

(59.6)

 

Age, years, median (IQR)

86 (80, 90)

82 (76, 88)

89 (85, 92)

< 0.001*

80 (75, 87)

89 (85, 92)

< 0.001*

78 (74, 84)

89 (85, 92)

< 0.001*

80 (74, 86)

89 (85, 92)

< 0.001*

Sex, female n (%)

67 (22.2)

29 (19.6)

38 (24.7)

0.356

17 (13.6)

50 (28.2)

0.004*

25 (23.1)

42 (21.6)

0.876

27 (22.1)

40 (22.2)

1.000

Smoking Status, n (%)

   

0.113

  

0.075

  

0.043*

  

0.021*

Never

139 (46.0)

66 (44.6)

73 (47.4)

 

53 (42.4)

86 (48.6)

 

44 (40.7)

95 (49.0)

 

52 (42.6)

87 (48.3)

 

Previous

100 (33.1)

44 (29.7)

56 (36.4)

 

38 (30.4)

62 (35.0)

 

33 (30.6)

67 (34.5)

 

35 (28.7)

65 (36.1)

 

Current

63 (20.9)

38 (25.7)

25 (16.2)

 

34 (27.2)

29 (16.4)

 

31 (28.7)

32 (16.5)

 

35 (28.7)

28 (15.6)

 

Smoking Index (pack years), median (IQR)

5 (0, 30)

10 (0, 30)

4 (0, 30)

0.836

15 (0, 30)

3 (0, 30)

0.766

15 (0, 36)

0 (0, 30)

0.171

12 (0, 29)

3 (0, 30)

0.835

BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD)

24.2 (3.7)

25.2 (3.2)

23.2 (4.0)

< 0.001*

25.3 (3.3)

23.4 (3.9)

< 0.001*

25.1 (3.4)

23.7 (3.8)

< 0.001*

24.9 (3.3)

23.7 (3.9)

0.007*

ADL, median (IQR)

5 (3, 6)

6 (5, 6)

3 (2, 5)

< 0.001*

6 (5, 6)

4 (2, 5)

< 0.001*

6 (6, 6)

4 (2, 5)

< 0.001*

6 (6, 6)

4 (2, 5)

< 0.001*

IADL, median (IQR)

5 (2, 8)

8 (6, 8)

3 (1, 5)

< 0.001*

8 (6, 8)

3 (1, 5)

< 0.001*

8 (8, 8)

3 (1, 5)

< 0.001*

8 (7, 8)

3 (1, 5)

< 0.001*

CCI, median (IQR)

4 (3, 5)

3 (2, 4)

5 (3, 6)

< 0.001*

3 (2, 4)

4 (3, 6)

< 0.001*

3 (2, 4)

4 (3, 6)

< 0.001*

3 (2, 4)

5 (4, 6)

< 0.001*

MNA-SF, median (IQR)

12 (9, 14)

13 (12, 14)

10 (8, 12)

< 0.001*

13 (12, 14)

11 (8, 12)

< 0.001*

13 (11, 14)

11 (9, 13)

< 0.001*

13 (11, 14)

11 (9, 12)

< 0.001*

COPD Disease Severity

             

FEV1% predicted, median (IQR)

73.5 (60.3, 85.3)

76.2 (63.9, 87.0)

70.9 (57.0, 83.5)

0.025*

76.2 (63.3, 87.9)

71.7 (57.5, 84.0)

0.090

76.9 (63.2, 87.1)

71.9 (58.0, 83.8)

0.076

76.9 (64.3, 88.7)

70.9 (57.7, 83.4)

0.023*

GOLD severity category, n (%)

   

0.114

  

0.299

  

0.167

  

0.100

Mild (≥80%)

110 (36.4)

60 (40.5)

50 (32.5)

 

51 (40.8)

59 (33.3)

 

47 (43.5)

63 (32.5)

 

53 (43.4)

57 (31.7)

 

Moderate (50–80%)

157 (52.0)

76 (51.4)

81 (52.6)

 

62 (49.6)

95 (53.7)

 

50 (46.3)

107 (55.2)

 

56 (45.9)

101 (56.1)

 

Severe (30–49%)

32 (10.6)

12 (8.1)

20 (13.0)

 

12 (9.6)

20 (11.3)

 

11 (10.2)

21 (10.8)

 

13 (10.7)

19 (10.6)

 

Very severe (< 30%)

3 (1.0)

0 (0,0)

3 (1.9)

 

0 (0.0)

3 (1.7)

 

0 (0.0)

3 (1.5)

 

0 (0.0)

3 (1.7)

 

mMRC, median (IQR)

2 (1, 3)

1 (1, 2)

2 (2, 3)

< 0.001*

1 (1, 1)

2 (2, 3)

< 0.001*

1 (0, 1)

2 (1, 3)

< 0.001*

1 (0, 1)

2 (2, 3)

< 0.001*

mMRC ≥ 2, n (%)

85 (28.1)

9 (6.1)

76 (49.4)

< 0.001*

6 (4.8)

79 (44.6)

< 0.001*

3 (2.8)

82 (42.3)

< 0.001*

5 (4.1)

80 (44.4)

< 0.001*

CAT, median (IQR)

8 (3, 14)

5 (2, 9)

12 (6, 15)

< 0.001*

4 (1, 9)

12 (6, 15)

< 0.001*

4 (1, 8)

12 (6, 15)

< 0.001*

4 (1, 9)

12 (6, 15)

< 0.001*

CAT ≥ 10, n (%)

131 (43.4)

35 (23.6)

96 (62.3)

< 0.001*

29 (23.2)

102 (57.6)

< 0.001*

23 (21.3)

108 (55.7)

< 0.001*

29 (23.8)

102 (56.7)

< 0.001*

≥ 1 COPD moderate-to-severe exacerbations prior year, n (%)

95 (31.5)

24 (16.2)

71 (46.1)

< 0.001*

21 (16.8)

74 (41.8)

< 0.001*

13 (12.0)

82 (42.3)

< 0.001*

17 (13.9)

78 (43.3)

< 0.001*

GOLD stage

   

< 0.001*

  

< 0.001*

  

< 0.001*

  

< 0.001*

GOLD A, n (%)

124 (41.1)

102 (68.9)

22 (14.3)

 

89 (71.2)

35 (19.8)

 

80 (74.1)

44 (22.7)

 

90 (73.8)

34 (18.9)

 

GOLD B, n (%)

130 (43.0)

38 (25.7)

92 (59.7)

 

30 (24.0)

100 (56.5)

 

23 (21.3)

107 (55.2)

 

25 (20.5)

105 (58.3)

 

GOLD C, n (%)

7 (2.3)

2 (1.4)

5 (3.2)

 

2 (1.6)

5 (2.8)

 

2 (1.9)

5 (2.6)

 

3 (2.5)

4 (2.2)

 

GOLD D, n (%)

41 (13.6)

6 (4.1)

35 (22.7)

 

4 (3.2)

37 (20.9)

 

3 (2.8)

38 (19.6)

 

4 (3.3)

37 (20.6)

 

Medication

   

0.024*

  

0.019*

  

0.119

  

0.198

LAMA/LABA, n (%)

126 (41.7)

65 (43.9)

61 (39.6)

 

50 (40.0)

76 (42.9)

 

51 (47.2)

75 (38.7)

 

54 (44.3)

72 (40.0)

 

2BD/BD + ICS, n (%)

23 (7.6)

6 (4.1)

17 (11.0)

 

3 (2.4)

20 (11.3)

 

4 (3.7)

19 (9.8)

 

5 (4.1)

18 (10.0)

 

LAMA + LABA + ICS, n (%)

43 (14.2)

16 (10.8)

27 (17.5)

 

19 (15.2)

24 (13.6)

 

12 (11.1)

31 (16.0)

 

15 (12.3)

28 (15.6)

 

None, n (%)

110 (36.4)

61 (41.2)

49 (31.8)

 

53 (42.4)

57 (32.2)

 

41 (38.0)

69 (35.6)

 

48 (39.3)

62 (34.4)

 
  1. COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, IQR inter-quartile range, SD standard deviation, BMI body mass index, ADL activity of daily living, IADL instrumental activity of daily living, CCI Charlson’s Comorbidity Index, MNA-SF Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form, FEV1 forced expiratory volume in 1 s, GOLD Global Initiative for COPD, mMRC modified Medical Research Council, CAT COPD Assessment Test, BD bronchodilator, ICS inhaled corticosteroids, LABA long-acting beta-agonists, LAMA long-acting muscarinic antagonists
  2. a Frailty was defined as Fried Phenotype scores ≥3
  3. b Frailty was defined as Short Physical Performance Battery scores ≤6
  4. c Frailty was defined as Clinical Frailty Scale scores ≥5
  5. d Frailty was defined as Frailty Index of Accumulative Deficits > 0.25
  6. *P < 0.05
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BMC Geriatrics

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