Table 5 Descriptive statistics (means and standard deviations) on cognitive and dual-task cost measures at baseline and 16 weeks, and mean change scores (with 95% confidence intervals) from baseline
Cognitive and dual-task cost measure | Cognitively | Standard | Â |
|---|---|---|---|
Enhanced Tai Ji Quan (n = 23) | Tai Ji Quan (n = 22) | Stretching (n = 24) | |
Montreal Cognitive Assessment (points), mean (SD) | |||
Baseline 16 weeks Change from baseline (16 weeks – baseline), (95% CI) | 25.04±2.87 27.39±1.37 2.35 (1.18 to 3.51) | 25.09±2.43 26.82±1.84 1.73 (0.67 to 2.79) | 25.13±2.19 25.54±1.89 0.42 (-0.29 to 1.12) |
Dual-task cost (%), mean (SD) | |||
Baseline 16 weeks Change from baseline (16 weeks – baseline) (95% CI) | 38.38±23.06 13.54±15.96 -24.83 (-34.79 to -14.87) | 39.89±28.64 28.46±19.13 -11.43 (-27.40 to 4.54) | 38.58±22.19 47.69±34.53 9.11 (-2.69 to 20.92) |
Trail Making Test B (seconds), mean (SD) | |||
Baseline | 95.36±8.08 | 95.38±11.68 | 95.49±11.35 |
16 weeks | 69.81±13.91 | 84.67±14.67 | 93.39±11.59 |
Change from baseline (16 weeks – baseline) (95% CI) | -25.55 (-32.94 to -18.17) | -10.70 (-14.70 to -6.69) | -2.11 (-6.74 to 2.53) |
Forward Digit Span (points), mean (SD) | |||
Baseline | 10.57±1.41 | 10.64±1.05 | 10.63±1.25 |
16 weeks | 12.48±1.73 | 12.32±1.78 | 11.25±2.05 |
Change from baseline (16 weeks - bassline) (95% CI) | 1.91 (1.26 to 2.56) | 1.62 (1.08 to 2.28) | 0.63 (-0.02 to 1.27) |
Backward Digit Span (points), mean (SD) | |||
Baseline | 8.26±0.86 | 8.27±1.42 | 8.33±1.13 |
16 weeks | 9.87±1.25 | 9.32±1.56 | 8.13±1.98 |
Change from baseline (16 weeks - bassline) (95% CI) | 1.61 (1.09 to 2.13) | 1.05 (0.51 to 1.58) | -0.21 (-1.11 to 0.69) |
Verbal Fluency (number of animals named), mean (SD) | |||
Baseline | 13.26±1.66 | 13.36±0.95 | 13.71±1.39 |
16 weeks | 17.22±2.59 | 15.59±2.30 | 14.13±1.36 |
Change from baseline (16 weeks - bassline) (95% CI) | 3.96 (4.95 to 2.97) | 2.23 (1.09 to 3.36) | 0.42 (-0.24 to 1.08) |