Table 2 Associations of social isolation, social participation, and loneliness with level of frailty (Fixed-effects models)
| Â | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95%CI) | p-value | OR (95%CI) | p-value | OR (95%CI) | p-value | |
LSNS-6 Family | 1.04 (0.97—1.11) | 0.255 | 1.04 (0.97—1.11) | 0.250 | 1.05 (0.97—1.14) | 0.231 |
LSNS-6 Friends | 0.99 (0.93—1.06) | 0.848 | 1.00 (0.94—1.07) | 0.991 | 0.99 (0.92—1.07) | 0.782 |
Social participation | 0.95 (0.93—0.98) |  < 0.001 | 0.95 (0.93—0.98) |  < 0.001 | 0.96 (0.93—0.99) | 0.019 |
Lonely (Ref: Not lonely) | 2.43 (1.17—5.04) | 0.017 | 2.62 (1.24—5.52) | 0.011 | 2.90 (1.44—5.84) | 0.003 |
Age |  |  | 1.15 (0.97—1.35) | 0.105 | 0.89 (0.74—1.08) | 0.233 |
Marital status (Ref: Married) | ||||||
 Single/divorced/widowed |  |  | 1.34 (0.43—4.13) | 0.616 | 1.29 (0.13—12.40) | 0.827 |
Employment status (Ref: Employed) | ||||||
 Unemployed |  |  | 0.42 (0.21—0.84) | 0.013 | 0.37 (0.18—0.74) | 0.005 |
 Inactive |  |  | 0.75 (0.38—1.45) | 0.386 | 0.48 (0.23—1.00) | 0.050 |
Living alone (Ref: Living with others) |  |  | 0.58 (0.27—1.28) | 0.177 | 0.42 (0.17—1.07) | 0.070 |
Self-reported money insufficiency (Ref: Sufficient) |  |  | 1.35 (0.83—2.21) | 0.224 | 1.54 (0.87—2.75) | 0.142 |
Currently smoking (Ref: Not smoking) |  |  |  |  | 0.79 (0.14 – 4.33) | 0.782 |
Alcohol misuse (Ref: No misuse) |  |  |  |  | 0.94 (0.41 – 2.16) | 0.885 |
Number of chronic conditions |  |  |  |  | 3.48 (1.92 – 6.31) |  < 0.001 |
Number of medications (Ref: 0–2) | ||||||
3 or more |  |  |  |  | 1.99 (1.01 – 3.89) | 0.045 |
Nutritional status (Ref: Normal) | ||||||
 Undernutrition |  |  |  |  | 1.80 (0.93—3.48) | 0.083 |
Functional independence |  |  |  |  | 0.76 (0.67 – 0.86) |  < 0.001 |