Living arrangement modifies the associations of loneliness with adverse health outcomes in older adults: evidence from the CLHLS

Table 4 Modification of the Effect of Loneliness on Functional Limitation by Living Arrangement

	No Loneliness		Loneliness		Odds Ratio (95% CI) for the Association Between Loneliness and Functional Limitation Within Each Stratum of Living Arrangement
	N With/Without Functional Limitation	Odds Ratio (95% CI)	N With/Without Functional Limitation	Odds Ratio (95% CI)
Cross-sectional Analyses ^a
Total Sample ^c	3670/5496	1.0 (reference)	2508/2064	1.06 (0.95–1.18) P = 0.305	–
NLA	3277/4776	1.0 (reference)	2009/1352	1.08 (0.96–1.22) P = 0.208	1.07 (0.95–1.21) P = 0.259
LA	393/720	0.62 (0.51–0.76) P < 0.001	499/712	0.61 (0.50–0.74) P < 0.001	1.00 (0.79–1.26) P = 0.987
Longitudinal Analyses ^b
Total Sample ^c	1226/2585	1.0 (reference)	549/714	1.09 (0.90–1.32) P = 0.400	–
NLA	1066/2285	1.0 (reference)	359/468	1.08 (0.87–1.35) P = 0.485	1.07 (0.85–1.34) P = 0.558
LA	160/300	0.72 (0.52–0.99) P = 0.044	190/246	0.78 (0.56–1.10) P = 0.157	1.13 (0.75–1.69) P = 0.570

Note. NLA, not living alone; LA, living alone
^a Measure of effect modification on multiplicative scale: OR (95% CI) = 0.91 (0.70–1.17), P = 0.446. Adjusted for age, gender, race, marital status, residence, occupation, education, BMI, smoking, alcohol drinking, living preference, socioeconomic status, dietary habits, social/leisure activity score, physical exercise, poor self-rated health, poor interviewer-rated health, comorbidities (≥2), hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, stroke, serious illness in the past 2 years, hearing problem, visual impairment, and cognitive impairment. Frailty was not adjusted as functional limitation was included in the calculation of FI score
^b Measure of effect modification on multiplicative scale: OR (95% CI) = 1.01 (0.66–1.56), P = 0.951. For 7560 participants without functional limitation at baseline. Adjusted for age, gender, race, occupation, education, hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, stroke, and changes in marital status, residence, BMI, smoking, alcohol drinking, socioeconomic status, dietary habits, social/leisure activity score, physical exercise, self-rated health, interviewer-rated health, comorbidity number, serious illness in the past 2 years, hearing problem, visual impairment, and cognitive impairment from 2008/2009 to 2011/2012
^c Living arrangements were also adjusted

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