Table 2 Sample characteristics by race/ethnicity
Total (n = 5571) | NH White (n = 3060) | NH Black (n = 1340) | Hispanic (n = 962) | Other (n = 209) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | ||||||
Cognitive Status | <.0001 | |||||
Normal | 71.9% | 80.2% | 61.3% | 59.6% | 76.6% | |
Mild | 22.5% | 16.3% | 31.0% | 31.2% | 19.1% | |
Dementia | 5.6% | 3.5% | 7.7% | 9.2% | 4.3% | |
Gender | <.0001 | |||||
Male | 44.7% | 48.7% | 37.6% | 41.3% | 46.4% | |
Female | 55.3% | 51.3% | 62.4% | 58.7% | 53.6% | |
Age in years at first assessment | <.0001 | |||||
Mean (SD) | 67.2 (9.88) | 69.5 (9.87) | 64.8 (9.11) | 64.4 (9.34) | 62.5 (8.42) | |
Education level | <.0001 | |||||
Less than high school | 26.3% | 15.8% | 28.7% | 58.3% | 17.2% | |
GED/High school graduate | 34.5% | 39.7% | 33.2% | 20.9% | 28.2% | |
Some college | 22.9% | 24.6% | 25.0% | 14.8% | 22.5% | |
College and above | 16.3% | 19.9% | 13.1% | 6.0% | 32.1% | |
Household income and assets [median (IQR)/quartile] | ||||||
1st Quartile | $18,312 (8906–36,512) | $23,528 (11,052 - 40,016) | $15,142 (8149–34,000) | $15,900 (8217–33,677) | $19,108 (8020–42,513) | 0.03 |
2nd Quartile | $122,896 (88,618 - 160,250) | $128,532 (97,224 - 166,212) | $116,285 (83,216 - 154,240) | $112,122 (79,200 - 156,000) | $98,801 (80,008 - 134,370) | <.0001 |
3rd Quartile | $313,010 (250,537 - 410,561) | $322,872 (252,056 - 420,460) | $295,608 (243,610 - 379,432) | $302,900 (254,882 - 402,610) | $283,824 (242,354 - 411,179) | 0.09 |
4th Quartile | $888,267 (680,020 - 1,388,797) | $931,802 (702,836 - 1,423,416) | $756,421 (624,170 - 1,170,000) | $702,000 (622,060 - 985,000) | $843,029 (683,492 - 1,337,488) | 0.03 |
Clinical/Behavioral | ||||||
Comorbidity group | <.0001 | |||||
Low comorbidity (0–1) | 25.9% | 21.4% | 24.9% | 38.6% | 40.7% | |
Moderate comorbidity (2–3) | 53.1% | 54.7% | 54.7% | 47.9% | 42.6% | |
High comorbidity (4+) | 21.0% | 23.9% | 20.4% | 13.5% | 16.7% | |
BMI category | 0.001 | |||||
Underweight | 0.6% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 0.5% | |
Normal weight | 14.5% | 15.0% | 13.4% | 13.2% | 19.6% | |
Overweight | 32.7% | 34.1% | 28.7% | 33.1% | 35.8% | |
Obese | 52.2% | 50.4% | 57.3% | 52.8% | 44.1% | |
Smoking status | <.0001 | |||||
Non-smoker | 41.5% | 40.7% | 38.4% | 47.1% | 46.4% | |
Former smoker | 45.1% | 47.5% | 43.8% | 41.1% | 37.8% | |
Current smoker | 13.4% | 11.8% | 17.8% | 11.8% | 15.8% | |
Social | ||||||
Perceived social support – positive | 0.42 | |||||
Mean (SD) | 3.09 (0.57) | 3.08 (0.55) | 3.11 (0.59) | 3.11 (0.60) | 3.07 (0.56) | |
Perceived social support – negative | <.0001 | |||||
Mean (SD) | 1.71 (0.51) | 1.65 (0.47) | 1.81 (0.56) | 1.76 (0.55) | 1.90 (0.57) | |
Loneliness | <.0001 | |||||
Mean (SD) | 1.55 (0.57) | 1.53 (0.57) | 1.63 (0.58) | 1.52 (0.56) | 1.60 (0.60) | |
Social participation | <.0001 | |||||
Mean (SD) | 7.38 (3.29) | 7.61 (3.21) | 7.27 (3.58) | 6.50 (3.07) | 7.92 (2.96) | |
Perceived constraints on personal control | <.0001 | |||||
Mean (SD) | 2.38 (1.25) | 2.34 (1.23) | 2.34 (1.20) | 2.59 (1.35) | 2.54 (1.36) | |
Perceived mastery on personal control | 0.02 | |||||
Mean (SD) | 4.65 (1.16) | 4.65 (1.11) | 4.56 (1.25) | 4.71 (1.24) | 4.82 (1.14) | |