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Table 1 Sample characteristics by cognitive status

From: Explanatory role of sociodemographic, clinical, behavioral, and social factors on cognitive decline in older adults with diabetes

 

Total (n = 5571)

Normal (n = 4007)

Mild (n = 1255)

Dementia (n = 309)

P-value

Demographics

Race/Ethnicity

    

<.0001

 Non-Hispanic White (NHW)

54.9%

61.2%

39.8%

34.6%

 

 Non-Hispanic Black (NHB)

24.1%

20.5%

33.1%

33.7%

 

 Hispanic

17.3%

14.3%

23.9%

28.8%

 

 Other

3.8%

4.0%

3.2%

2.9%

 

Gender

    

0.0002

 Male

44.7%

46.4%

41.0%

37.9%

 

 Female

55.3%

53.6%

59.0%

62.1%

 

Age at first assessment

    

<.0001

 Mean (SD)

67.2 (9.88)

66.0 (9.26)

69.6 (10.57)

73.5 (10.71)

 

Education level

    

<.0001

 Less than high school

26.3%

17.4%

45.3%

65.1%

 

 GED/High school graduate

34.5%

35.7%

33.0%

24.6%

 

 Some college

22.9%

26.6%

15.0%

7.1%

 

 College and above

16.3%

20.3%

6.8%

3.2%

 

Household income and assets [median (IQR)/quartile]

 1st Quartile

$18,312

(8906–36,512)

$20,412

(9292–39,096)

$16,729

(8764–34,480)

$12,000

(8088–25,008)

0.58

 2nd Quartile

$122,896

(88,618 - 160,250)

$125,300

(90,224 - 162,000)

$116,596

(83,432 - 153,200)

$128,148

(79,780 - 160,799)

0.03

 3rd Quartile

$313,010

(250,537 - 410,561)

$314,028

(250,412 - 410,000)

$308,697

(249,000 - 419,500)

$317,052

(272,902 - 412,359)

0.68

 4th Quartile

$888,267 (680,020 -

1,388,797)

$899,800 (678,888 -

1,411,640)

$847,865 (700,100 -

1,113,872)

$833,672 (637,253 -

1,846,832)

0.48

Clinical/Behavioral

Comorbidity group

    

<.0001

 Low comorbidity (0–1)

25.9%

28.1%

21.3%

16.8%

 

 Moderate comorbidity (2–3)

53.1%

53.1%

53.5%

51.8%

 

 High comorbidity (4+)

21.0%

18.9%

25.3%

31.4%

 

BMI category

    

<.0001

 Underweight

0.6%

0.3%

1.1%

2.0%

 

 Normal weight

14.5%

12.8%

17.9%

22.9%

 

 Overweight

32.7%

32.0%

34.2%

36.6%

 

 Obese

52.2%

54.9%

46.8%

38.5%

 

Smoking status

    

0.07

 Non-smoker

41.5%

42.3%

38.3%

44.3%

 

 Former smoker

45.1%

44.9%

46.7%

42.4%

 

 Current smoker

13.4%

12.8%

15.0%

13.3%

 

 Social Factors

Perceived social support –positive

    

0.99

 Mean (SD)

3.09 (0.57)

3.09 (0.55)

3.09 (0.61)

3.09 (0.64)

 

Perceived social support –negative

    

0.48

 Mean (SD)

1.71 (0.51)

1.70 (0.49)

1.72 (0.57)

1.69 (0.55)

 

Loneliness

    

<.0001

 Mean (SD)

1.55 (0.57)

1.53 (0.56)

1.62 (0.58)

1.64 (0.59)

 

Social participation

    

<.0001

 Mean (SD)

7.38 (3.29)

7.91 (3.12)

6.15 (3.21)

4.61 (3.36)

 

Perceived constraints on personal control

    

<.0001

 Mean (SD)

2.38 (1.25)

2.25 (1.19)

2.71 (1.34)

2.98 (1.34)

 

Perceived mastery on personal control

    

<.0001

 Mean (SD)

4.65 (1.16)

4.72 (1.11)

4.49 (1.25)

4.14 (1.40)

 
  1. SD standard deviation