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Table 2 Self-rated change in the six dimensions of Positive Health compared to before the COVID-19 pandemic

From: Positive health during the COVID-19 pandemic: a survey among community-dwelling older individuals in the Netherlands

 

Decreased % (n)

Unchanged % (n)

Improved % (n)

p-value

Sex

Bodily functions

Men

10.4 (40)

69.9 (269)

19.7 (76)

0.004

Women

18.7 (80)

63.2 (270)

18.0 (77)

 

Mental well-being

Men

9.1 (35)

56.6 (218)

34.3 (132)

0.010

Women

14.3 (61)

47.1 (201)

38.6 (165)

 

Meaningfulness

Men

14.9 (57)

74.9 (287)

10.2 (39)

 < 0.001

Women

26.5 (112)

60.4 (255)

13.0 (55)

 

Quality of life

Men

20.1 (77)

76.8 (295)

3.1 (12)

0.001

Women

26.1 (111)

66.0 (281)

8.0 (34)

 

Social participation

Men

69.0 (263)

28.1 (107)

2.9 (11)

0.006

Women

76.3 (325)

19.0 (81)

4.7 (20)

 

Daily functioning

Men

37.6 (144)

61.1 (234)

1.3 (5)

0.088

Women

39.7 (169)

56.8 (242)

3.5 (15)

 

Age

Bodily functions

65–75 years

15.7 (81)

67.9 (351)

16.4 (85)

0.061

76 years and over

13.9 (44)

63.1 (200)

23.0 (73)

 

Mental well-being

65–75 years

12.0 (62)

50.3 (260)

37.7 (195)

0.644

76 years and over

11.0 (35)

53.6 (170)

35.3 (112)

 

Meaningfulness

65–75 years

22.8 (117)

64.9 (333)

12.3 (63)

0.192

76 years and over

18.8 (59)

71.0 (223)

10.2 (32)

 

Quality of life

65–75 years

23.1 (119)

70.5 (363)

6.4 (33)

0.602

76 years and over

23.7 (75)

71.6 (227)

4.7 (15)

 

Social participation

65–75 years

74.5 (383)

21.4 (110)

4.1 (21)

0.184

76 years and over

69.2 (218)

27.0 (85)

3.8 (12)

 

Daily functioning

65–75 years

38.7 (199)

58.4 (300)

2.9 (15)

0.647

76 years and over

38.5 (122)

59.6 (189)

1.9 (6)

 

Living situation

Bodily functions

Alone

17.9 (52)

61.0 (177)

21.0 (61)

0.050

With others

13.0 (70)

69.1 (372)

17.8 (96)

 

Mental well-being

Alone

13.8 (40)

52.4 (152)

33.8 (98)

0.228

With others

10.6 (57)

50.7 (273)

38.7 (208)

 

Meaningfulness

Alone

27.6 (79)

58.7 (168)

13.6 (39)

0.001

With others

17.9 (96)

71.8 (384)

10.3 (55)

 

Quality of life

Alone

26.6 (77)

66.6 (193)

6.9 (20)

0.151

With others

21.8 (117)

72.9 (391)

5.2 (28)

 

Social participation

Alone

69.2 (200)

25.6 (74)

5.2 (15)

0.227

With others

74.2 (396)

22.5 (120)

3.4 (18)

 

Daily functioning

Alone

40.0 (116)

56.2 (163)

3.8 (11)

0.178

With others

37.9 (203)

60.2 (322)

1.9 (10)

 

Self-rated general health

Bodily functions

Poor

21.6 (29)

43.3 (58)

35.1 (47)

 < 0.001

Good

13.7 (96)

70.4 (493)

15.9 (111)

 

Mental well-being

Poor

17.9 (24)

38.8 (52)

43.3 (58)

0.002

Good

10.4 (73)

54.0 (378)

35.6 (249)

 

Meaningfulness

Poor

28.8 (38)

57.6 (76)

13.6 (18)

0.031

Good

19.9 (138)

69.1 (480)

11.1 (77)

 

Quality of life

Poor

39.6 (53)

56.7 (76)

3.7 (5)

 < 0.001

Good

20.2 (141)

73.6 (514)

6.2 (43)

 

Social participation

Poor

75.2 (100)

20.3 (27)

4.5 (6)

0.616

Good

72.0 (501)

24.1 (168)

3.9 (27)

 

Daily functioning

Poor

54.9 (73)

39.1 (52)

6.0 (8)

 < 0.001

Good

35.5 (248)

62.6 (437)

1.9 (13)