Table 1 Distribution of sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics of participants
Variable | Total (n = 4007) | No diabetes (n = 3376) | Diabetes (n = 631) | OR (95%CI) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 46.78 ± 14.95 | 46.36 ± 15.34 | 54.4 ± 9.54 |  | < 0.001 |
18- | 3376(84.3) | 1390(94.0) | 1986(78.5) | 1 | Â |
60- | 631(15.7) | 88(6.0) | 543(21.5) | 4.319(3.413–5.465) | < 0.001 |
Sex | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Male | 1669(41.7) | 1382(40.9) | 287(45.5) | 1 | Â |
Female | 2338(58.3) | 1994(59.1) | 344(54.5) | 0.831(0.700–0.986) | 0.034 |
Education | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Primary school and lower | 1236(30.8) | 958(28.4) | 278(44.1) | 1 | Â |
Secondary school | 1252(31.2) | 1050(31.1) | 202(32.0) | 0.663(0.542–0.811) | < 0.001 |
High secondary school | 838(20.9) | 727(21.5) | 111(17.6) | 0.526(0.414–0.669) | < 0.001 |
College or university | 386(9.6) | 360(10.7) | 26(4.1) | 0.249(0.164–0.379) | < 0.001 |
Bachelor and higher | 295(7.4) | 281(8.3) | 14(2.2) | 0.172(0.099–0.298) | < 0.001 |
Smoking | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No | 3479(86.8) | 2938(87.0) | 541(85.7) | 1 | Â |
Yes | 446(11.1) | 380(11.3) | 66(10.5) | 0.943(0.715–1.244) | 0.679 |
Quit | 82(2.0) | 58(1.7) | 24(3.8) | 2.247(1.384–3.648) | 0.001 |
Alcohol drinking | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No | 3224(80.5) | 2723(80.7) | 501(79.4) | 1 | Â |
Yes | 726(18.1) | 612(18.1) | 114(18.1) | 1.012(0.811–1.263) | 0.913 |
Quit | 57(1.4) | 41(1.2) | 16(2.5) | 2.121(1.181–3.809) | 0.012 |
Sweet tooth | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No | 3844(95.9) | 3232(95.7) | 612(97.0) | 1 | Â |
Yes | 163(4.1) | 144(4.3) | 19(3.0) | 0.697(0.429–1.133) | 0.145 |
Physical activity | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No | 1969(49.1) | 1658(49.1) | 311(49.3) | 1 | Â |
Yes | 2038(50.9) | 1718(50.9) | 320(50.7) | 0.993(0.838–1.177) | 0.935 |
Family history | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No | 3708(92.5) | 3192(94.5) | 516(81.8) | 1 | Â |
Yes | 299(7.5) | 184(5.5) | 115(18.2) | 3.866(3.008–4.969) | < 0.001 |
Hypertension | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No | 2721(67.9) | 2360(69.9) | 361(57.2) | 1 | Â |
Yes | 1286(32.1) | 1016(30.1) | 270(42.8) | 1.737(1.422–2.054) | < 0.001 |
BMI, kg/m2 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Normal | 2064(51.5) | 1801(53.5) | 258(41.0) | 1 | Â |
Overweight/obesity | 1941(48.5) | 1570(46.5) | 371(59.0) | 1.650(1.388–1.961) | < 0.001 |
WC, cm | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Normal | 1829(45.6) | 1603(47.5) | 226(35.8) | 1 | Â |
Overweight/obesity | 2178(54.4) | 1773(52.5) | 405(64.2) | 1.620(1.358–1.932) | < 0.001 |
BAI | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Normal | 2591(64.7) | 2253(66.7) | 338(53.6) | 1 | Â |
Overweight/obesity | 1416(35.3) | 1123(33.3) | 293(46.4) | 1.739(1.464–2.066) | < 0.001 |
WHR | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Normal | 972(24.3) | 831(24.6) | 141(22.3) | 1 | Â |
Overweight/obesity | 3035(75.7) | 2545(75.4) | 490(77.7) | 1.135(0.926–1.390) | 0.222 |
WHtR | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Normal | 2528(63.1) | 2206(65.3) | 322(51.0) | 1 | Â |
Overweight/obesity | 1479(36.9) | 1170(34.7) | 309(49.0) | 1.809(1.524–2.148) | < 0.001 |