Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the participants according to sex

Age (mean ± SD)

76.87 ± 3.8

76.11 ± 3.8

< 0.001*

BMI (mean ± SD)

23.96 ± 2.9

24.8 ± 3.0

< 0.001*

HGS, kg (mean ± SD)

32.23 ± 5.8

21.10 ± 3.9

< 0.001*

ASMI, kg/m² (mean ± SD)

7.04 ± 0.8

5.83 ± 0.7

< 0.001*

SPPB total (mean ± SD)

11.09 ± 1.2

10.59 ± 1.5

< 0.001*

Sarcopenia^a, n (%)

202(18.2)

143(11.8)

< 0.001*

Severe sarcopenia^b, n (%)

44(4.0)

39(3.2)

0.335

Fall in past year, n (%)

176(15.8)

293(24.1)

< 0.001*

Two or more falls in the past year, n (%)

27(2.4)

41(3.4)

0.178

Fall-related fracture, n (%)

21(1.9)

43(3.5)

0.015*

Medications, n (mean ± SD)

3.64 ± 3.0

3.30 ± 2.6

0.005

Years of education, n (%)

< 6

298 (26.0)

688 (56.8)

< 0.001*

7–12

473 (42.6)

402 (33.2)

> 13

349 (31.4)

122 (10.1)

Marital status, n (%)

Married

1021 (91.9)

788 (65.0)

< 0.001*

Income, million won per month, n (%)^c

> 3

216 (19.4)

225 (18.6)

< 0.001*

1–3

553 (49.8)

447 (36.9)

< 1

342 (30.8)

540 (44.6)

Residency, n (%)

Urban

867 (77.9)

1029 (85.1)

< 0.001*

Rural

244 (22.1)

183 (14.9)

Current smoker, n (%)

730 (65.7)

22 (1.8)

< 0.001*

Alcohol use, n (%)

661 (59.5)

709 (58.0)

0.46

Hypertension, n (%)

595 (53.8)

714 (58.9)

0.19

Dyslipidemia, n (%)

277 (24.9)

497 (41.0)

< 0.001*

Diabetes mellitus, n (%)

274 (24.7)

243 (20.0)

0.16

Depression, n (%)

21 (1.9)

44 (3.6)

0.11

Osteoarthritis, n (%)

121 (10.9)

392 (32.3)

< 0.001*

Osteoporosis, n (%)

34 (3.1)

312 (90.2)

< 0.001*

WBC, 10⁹/L (mean ± SD)

5.87 ± 1.5

5.77 ± 1.6

< 0.001*

Hb, mmol/L (mean ± SD)

14.11 ± 1.3

12.87 ± 1.1

< 0.001*

25(OH) D (ng/ml, SD)

24.83 ± 9.3

22.63 ± 10.6

< 0.001*

MMSE-KC (mean ± SD)

26.28 ± 2.8

25.32 ± 3.3

< 0.001*