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Table 1 Comparison of baseline characteristics between different frailty phenotype and frailty index trajectories

From: Longitudinal changes of frailty in 8 years: comparisons between physical frailty and frailty index

Data show number (%) or mean ± standard deviation

Number with information available

Total

Frailty phenotype (FP)

Frailty index (FI)

Stably robust

Worsened frailty

Improved frailty

Stably frail

P for trend

Stable FI

Moderate increase FI

Rapid increase FI

P for trend

Number (%)

2807

2807 (100)

1960 (69.8)

440 (15.7)

248 (8.8%)

159 (5.7%)

 

1941 (69.1)

604 (21.5)

262 (9.3%)

 

Baseline demographics

 Age (years)

2807

63.4 ± 8.2

61.9 ± 7.8

67.3 ± 7.9

65.2 ± 8.0

68.8 ± 7.5

< 0.001

61.6 ± 7.7

66.5 ± 7.6

69.9 ± 7.4

< 0.001

 Male sex

2807

1410 (50.2)

1086 (55.4)

200 (45.5)

70 (28.2)

54 (34.0)

< 0.001

1118 (57.6)

201 (33.3)

91 (34.7)

< 0.001

 Education (years)

2646

5.2 ± 4.6

6.0 ± 4.6

4.0 ± 4.1

2.7 ± 3.5

2.8 ± 3.9

< 0.001

6.2 ± 4.5

3.0 ± 3.7

2.6 ± 3.9

< 0.001

 Marital status

2807

     

< 0.001

   

< 0.001

 Married/cohabiting

 

2059 (73.4)

1523 (77.7)

277 (63.0)

163 (65.7)

96 (60.4)

 

1535 (79.1)

381 (63.1)

143 (54.6)

 

 Urbanization of residential area

2792

     

0.003

   

0.002

 Large + big city

 

1025 (36.7)

741 (38.0)

162 (36.9)

67 (27.3)

55 (34.8)

 

735 (38.1)

200 (33.3)

90 (34.5)

 

 Small city + township

 

846 (30.3)

598 (30.7)

122 (27.8)

80 (32.7)

46 (29.1)

 

603 (31.2)

168 (28.0)

75 (28.7)

 

 Township (rural)

 

921 (33.0)

611 (31.3)

155 (35.3)

98 (40.0)

57 (36.1)

 

592 (30.7)

233 (38.8)

96 (36.8)

 

 Alcohol consumption

2804

397 (14.2)

315 (16.1)

55 (12.5)

20 (8.1)

7 (4.4)

< 0.001

321 (16.6)

58 (9.6)

18 (6.9)

< 0.001

 Current smoker

2800

646 (23.1)

482 (24.7)

96 (21.9)

42 (16.9)

26 (16.4)

0.001

494 (25.5)

105 (17.4)

47 (17.9)

< 0.001

 Difficulty meeting living expanses

2718

761 (28.0)

434 (22.7)

143 (33.8)

112 (46.5)

72 (51.8)

< 0.001

412 (21.7)

257 (44.1)

92 (39.0)

< 0.001

Medical history

 Good self-rated health

2807

1113 (39.7)

953 (48.6)

121 (27.5)

26 (10.5)

13 (8.2)

< 0.001

960 (49.5)

109 (18.0)

44 (16.8)

< 0.001

 Number of morbidities

2807

1.5 ± 1.5

1.3 ± 1.3

2.0 ± 1.6

2.2 ± 1.7

2.7 ± 1.8

< 0.001

1.2 ± 1.3

2.2 ± 1.6

2.6 ± 1.8

< 0.001

 Hypertension

2807

871 (31.0)

540 (27.6)

176 (40.0)

87 (35.1)

68 (42.8)

< 0.001

506 (26.1)

239 (39.6)

126 (48.1)

< 0.001

 Diabetes

2807

326 (11.6)

182 (9.3)

73 (16.6)

35 (14.1)

36 (22.6)

< 0.001

162 (8.3)

96 (15.9)

68 (26.0)

< 0.001

 Heart disease

2807

447 (15.9)

256 (13.1)

88 (20.0)

65 (26.2)

38 (23.9)

< 0.001

227 (11.7)

160 (26.5)

60 (22.9)

< 0.001

 Stroke

2807

90 (3.2)

27 (1.4)

19 (4.3)

13 (5.2)

31 (19.5)

< 0.001

29 (1.5)

21 (3.5)

40 (15.3)

< 0.001

 Cancer

2807

63 (2.2)

38 (1.9)

15 (3.4)

6 (2.4)

4 (2.5)

0.166

31 (1.6)

20 (3.3)

12 (4.6)

0.001

 Chronic lung disease

2807

288 (10.3)

166 (8.5)

51 (11.6)

44 (17.7)

27 (17.0)

< 0.001

161 (8.3)

92 (15.2)

35 (13.4)

< 0.001

 Arthritis

2807

551 (19.6)

313 (16.0)

98 (22.3)

91 (36.7)

49 (30.8)

< 0.001

293 (15.1)

188 (31.1)

70 (26.7)

< 0.001

 Peptic ulcer disease

2807

540 (19.2)

339 (17.3)

86 (19.5)

67 (27.0)

48 (30.2)

< 0.001

337 (17.4)

146 (24.2)

57 (21.8)

0.001

 Hepatobiliary disease

2807

191 (6.8)

115 (5.9)

44 (10.0)

16 (6.5)

16 (10.1)

0.035

106 (5.5)

60 (9.9)

25 (9.5)

< 0.001

 Hip fracture

2807

48 (1.7)

28 (1.4)

6 (1.4)

7 (2.8)

7 (4.4)

0.002

19 (1.0)

22 (3.6)

7 (2.7)

< 0.001

 Cataract

2807

606 (21.6)

343 (17.5)

131 (29.8)

71 (28.6)

61 (38.4)

< 0.001

295 (15.2)

202 (33.4)

109 (41.6)

< 0.001

 Chronic kidney disease (includes stones)

2807

195 (6.9)

116 (5.9)

39 (8.9)

20 (8.1)

20 (12.6)

< 0.001

103 (5.3)

58 (9.6)

34 (13.0)

< 0.001

 Gout

2807

170 (6.1)

95 (4.8)

39 (8.9)

19 (7.7)

17 (10.7)

< 0.001

97 (5.0)

45 (7.5)

28 (10.7)

< 0.001

Functional assessments

 Mobility impairment score (0–9)

2807

1.8 ± 2.4

1.0 ± 1.6

2.4 ± 2.2

4.1 ± 2.7

6.1 ± 2.4

< 0.001

1.0 ± 1.5

3.2 ± 2.5

4.8 ± 2.8

< 0.001

 ADL impairment score (0–6)

2807

0.11 ± 0.71

0.02 ± 0.24

0.07 ± 0.51

0.20 ± 0.59

1.27 ± 2.17

< 0.001

0.01 ± 0.14

0.16 ± 0.81

0.82 ± 1.79

< 0.001

 IADL impairment score (0–6)

2807

0.57 ± 1.22

0.22 ± 0.61

0.73 ± 1.22

1.35 ± 1.67

3.13 ± 2.06

< 0.001

0.18 ± 0.52

1.05 ± 1.46

2.37 ± 2.07

< 0.001

 SPMSQ (age ≥ 65)

1266

7.2 ± 1.4

7.4 ± 1.2

7.0 ± 1.5

6.7 ± 1.7

6.3 ± 1.9

< 0.001

7.6 ± 0.8

6.7 ± 1.7

6.3 ± 1.9

< 0.001

 CES-D-10 score (0–30)

2701

4.6 ± 5.3

3.2 ± 4.0

5.2 ± 5.3

9.9 ± 6.1

12.1 ± 6.8

< 0.001

3.1 ± 3.8

7.9 ± 6.4

8.3 ± 7.0

< 0.001

 Visual impairment

2800

361 (12.9)

165 (8.4)

73 (16.6)

58 (23.4)

65 (40.9)

< 0.001

132 (6.8)

139 (23.1)

90 (34.4)

< 0.001

 Hearing impairment

2792

218 (7.8)

105 (5.4)

56 (12.8)

25 (10.1)

32 (20.1)

< 0.001

95 (4.9)

65 (10.9)

58 (22.1)

< 0.001

 Oral intake difficulty

2792

531 (19.0)

271 (13.9)

116 (26.5)

81 (33.1)

63 (40.6)

< 0.001

249 (12.9)

179 (29.9)

103 (39.6)

< 0.001

 Any social participation

2793

1453 (52.0)

1105 (56.6)

191 (43.9)

103 (42.0)

54 (34.0)

< 0.001

1097 (56.7)

248 (41.5)

108 (41.4)

< 0.001

Frailty assessments

 Frailty phenotype components

           

 Slowness

2806

384 (13.7)

74 (3.8)

64 (14.5)

130 (52.4)

116 (73.0)

< 0.001

87 (4.5)

171 (28.3)

126 (48.1)

< 0.001

 Weakness

2806

141 (5.0)

24 (1.2)

14 (3.2)

40 (16.2)

63 (39.6)

< 0.001

37 (1.9)

46 (7.6)

58 (22.2)

< 0.001

 Low physical activity

2719

514 (18.9)

231 (12.2)

70 (16.4)

129 (52.9)

84 (53.5)

< 0.001

292 (15.6)

138 (23.5)

84 (32.7)

< 0.001

 Exhaustion

2719

506 (18.6)

159 (8.3)

76 (17.8)

170 (70.5)

101 (73.7)

< 0.001

188 (9.9)

222 (37.9)

96 (41.0)

< 0.001

 Weight loss (BMI ≤18.5)

2740

119 (4.3)

36 (1.9)

20 (4.7)

43 (17.8)

20 (13.3)

< 0.001

65 (3.4)

38 (6.6)

16 (6.5)

0.001

 Summed FP score (0–5)

2807

0.59 ± 0.88

0.26 ± 0.48

0.55 ± 0.63

2.06 ± 0.75

2.42 ± 0.97

< 0.001

0.34 ± 0.61

1.02 ± 1.02

1.45 ± 1.27

< 0.001

 Frailty index

2807

0.14 ± 0.10

0.11 ± 0.05

0.16 ± 0.08

0.23 ± 0.10

0.33 ± 0.13

< 0.001

0.10 ± 0.05

0.20 ± 0.09

0.28 ± 0.14

< 0.001

  1. ADL activities of daily living, IADL instrumental activities of daily living, SPMSQ Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire, CES-D-10 Centre for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale, 10-item Likert score, BMI body mass index