Table 3 Categories of Interventions

(i) Self-management education and training programmes

All but one were group-based, ranging from 4 to 20 participants per group for those that specified, delivered by trained staff, and provided paper hand-outs. The other was delivered remotely, via mail, tailoring according to participant questionnaire responses [33]. Content topics are described in Table 3.

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(ii) Self-management training combined with other therapies.

The other therapies were:

• Multidisciplinary rehabilitation

• Physical exercise

• Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT)

• Multidisciplinary care co-ordination

• Mindfulness

These mostly followed a group session model too, though when combined with CBT and care-coordination this was done on an individual basis. One study compared a group-based delivery of exercise and self-management training with a self-guided equivalent programme [24].

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(iii) Specific self-management skill of self-monitoring

These made use of digital devices to self-monitor:

• Symptoms and medication

• Posture

• Physical activity

These were performed on an individual basis, though the physical activity monitoring also included an online peer support group.

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(iv) Self-management of individual clinical features of Parkinson’s

Clinical features targeted:

• Anxiety, using CBT - individual

• Drooling, via a digital cueing device - individual

• Communication difficulties through Speech & Language Therapy (SLT) – small groups, based on diagnosis.

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(v) Self-management of specific treatments, i.e. self-guided treatment programmes

These included:

• Medication

• Physical exercise

• Handwriting exercises

• Acupressure & conduction exercise

For these the individual was either taught or instructed on how to self-pursue the treatment. These studies either evaluated the self-guided delivery of a treatment, or compared different delivery methods for established interventions.

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