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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study participants

From: Factors associated with insomnia in older adult outpatients vary by gender: a cross-sectional study

 

Total

Non-Insomnia

(AIS < 6)

Insomnia

(AIS ≥ 6)

 

Characteristics

n = 400 (%)

n = 280 (%)

n = 120 (%)

p value

Age (60 – 97 years) a

74.74 ± 8.54

74.88 ± 8.54

74.43 ± 8.55

0.630

Sleep duration (hrs)

   

< 0.001

 ≤ 6 h

221 (55.2)

131 (59.3)

90 (40.7)

 

 >  6 h

179 (44.8)

149 (83.2)

30 (16.8)

 

Gender

   

0.002

 Male

201 (50.2)

155 (77.1)

46 (22.9)

 

 Female

199 (49.8)

125 (62.8)

74 (37.2)

 

Obesity (BMI > =27)

   

0.094

 Yes

98 (24.5)

62 (63.3)

36 (36.7)

 

 No

302(75.5)

218 (72.2)

84 (27.8)

 

Education

   

0.061

 ≤ 9 years (junior)

242 (60.5)

161 (66.5)

81 (33.5)

 

 ≥ 10 years

158 (39.5)

119 (75.3)

39 (24.7)

 

Marital status

   

0.161

 Married

254 (63.5)

184 (72.4)

70 (27.6)

 

 Other

146 (36.5)

96 (65.8)

50 (34.2)

 

Residential status

   

0.243

 Live alone

42 (10.5)

28 (66.7)

14 (33.3)

 

 Live with others

351(87.8)

249 (70.9)

102 (29.1)

 

 Nursing home

7 (1.8)

3 (42.9)

4 (57.1)

 

Occupational activity

   

0.355

 Working

42 (10.5)

32 (76.2)

10 (23.8)

 

 Not working

358 (89.5)

248 (69.3)

110 (30.7)

 

Current smoking

   

0.064

 Yes

32 (8.0)

27 (84.4)

5 (15.6)

 

 No

368 (92.0)

253 (68.8)

115 (31.2)

 

Current alcohol drinking

   

0.061

 Yes

8 (2.0)

8 (100)

0 (0)

 

 No

392 (98.0)

272 (69.4)

120 (30.6)

 

Drink Coffee

   

0.629

 Yes

137 (34.2)

98 (71.5)

39 (28.5)

 

 No

263 (65.8)

182 (69.2)

81 (30.8)

 

Appetite within 3 months

   

< 0.001

 Fair

351 (87.8)

259 (73.8)

92 (26.2)

 

 Poor

49 (12.2)

21 (42.9)

28 (57.1)

 

Exercise habits

   

0.015

 Yes (Regular)

262 (65.5)

194 (74.0)

68 (26.0)

 

 No (non or irregular)

138 (34.5)

86 (62.3)

52 (37.7)

 

Afternoon Nap

   

0.707

 Yes

231 (57.8)

160 (69.3)

71 (30.7)

 

 No

169 (42.2)

120 (71.0)

49 (29.0)

 

Sleeping pills usage

   

< 0.001

 Yes

167 (41.2)

98 (58.7)

69 (41.3)

 

 No

233 (58.3)

182 (78.1)

51 (21.9)

 

Any chronic diseaseb

   

0.060

 Yes

372 (93.0)

256 (68.8)

116 (31.2)

 

 No

28 (7.0)

24 (85.7)

4 (14.3)

 

Dementia (documented)

   

0.822

 Yes

74 (18.5)

51 (68.9)

23 (31.1)

 

 No

326 (81.5)

229 (70.2)

97 (29.8)

 

Activities of Daily Living

   

0.847

 Total independence

365(91.3)

255 (69.9)

110 (30.1)

 

 Dependence

35 (8.2)

25 (71.4)

10 (28.6)

 

Depression by GDS-5

   

< 0.001

 No (< 2)

304 (76.0)

236 (77.6)

68 (22.4)

 

 Yes (≥ 2)

96 (24.0)

44 (45.8)

52 (54.2)

 

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (risk)

   

0.004

 Low

138 (34.5)

109 (79.0)

29 (21.0)

 

 Medium-High

262 (65.5)

171 (65.3)

91 (34.7)

 

Restless Leg Syndrome

   

0.001

 No

384 (96.0)

275 (71.6)

109 (28.4)

 

 Yes

16 (4.0)

5 (31.3)

11 (68.8)

 
  1. Abbreviations: BMI Body Mass Index, GDS-5 Geriatric Depression Scale-5
  2. aContinuous variables are presented as mean ± SD
  3. bChronic disease is defined as having any type of chronic disease for more than 3 months