From: Factors associated with insomnia in older adult outpatients vary by gender: a cross-sectional study
 | Total | Non-Insomnia (AIS < 6) | Insomnia (AIS ≥ 6) |  |
---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | n = 400 (%) | n = 280 (%) | n = 120 (%) | p value |
Age (60 – 97 years) a | 74.74 ± 8.54 | 74.88 ± 8.54 | 74.43 ± 8.55 | 0.630 |
Sleep duration (hrs) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 ≤ 6 h | 221 (55.2) | 131 (59.3) | 90 (40.7) |  |
 >  6 h | 179 (44.8) | 149 (83.2) | 30 (16.8) |  |
Gender | Â | Â | Â | 0.002 |
 Male | 201 (50.2) | 155 (77.1) | 46 (22.9) |  |
 Female | 199 (49.8) | 125 (62.8) | 74 (37.2) |  |
Obesity (BMI > =27) |  |  |  | 0.094 |
 Yes | 98 (24.5) | 62 (63.3) | 36 (36.7) |  |
 No | 302(75.5) | 218 (72.2) | 84 (27.8) |  |
Education | Â | Â | Â | 0.061 |
 ≤ 9 years (junior) | 242 (60.5) | 161 (66.5) | 81 (33.5) |  |
 ≥ 10 years | 158 (39.5) | 119 (75.3) | 39 (24.7) |  |
Marital status | Â | Â | Â | 0.161 |
 Married | 254 (63.5) | 184 (72.4) | 70 (27.6) |  |
 Other | 146 (36.5) | 96 (65.8) | 50 (34.2) |  |
Residential status | Â | Â | Â | 0.243 |
 Live alone | 42 (10.5) | 28 (66.7) | 14 (33.3) |  |
 Live with others | 351(87.8) | 249 (70.9) | 102 (29.1) |  |
 Nursing home | 7 (1.8) | 3 (42.9) | 4 (57.1) |  |
Occupational activity | Â | Â | Â | 0.355 |
 Working | 42 (10.5) | 32 (76.2) | 10 (23.8) |  |
 Not working | 358 (89.5) | 248 (69.3) | 110 (30.7) |  |
Current smoking | Â | Â | Â | 0.064 |
 Yes | 32 (8.0) | 27 (84.4) | 5 (15.6) |  |
 No | 368 (92.0) | 253 (68.8) | 115 (31.2) |  |
Current alcohol drinking | Â | Â | Â | 0.061 |
 Yes | 8 (2.0) | 8 (100) | 0 (0) |  |
 No | 392 (98.0) | 272 (69.4) | 120 (30.6) |  |
Drink Coffee | Â | Â | Â | 0.629 |
 Yes | 137 (34.2) | 98 (71.5) | 39 (28.5) |  |
 No | 263 (65.8) | 182 (69.2) | 81 (30.8) |  |
Appetite within 3 months |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Fair | 351 (87.8) | 259 (73.8) | 92 (26.2) |  |
 Poor | 49 (12.2) | 21 (42.9) | 28 (57.1) |  |
Exercise habits | Â | Â | Â | 0.015 |
 Yes (Regular) | 262 (65.5) | 194 (74.0) | 68 (26.0) |  |
 No (non or irregular) | 138 (34.5) | 86 (62.3) | 52 (37.7) |  |
Afternoon Nap | Â | Â | Â | 0.707 |
 Yes | 231 (57.8) | 160 (69.3) | 71 (30.7) |  |
 No | 169 (42.2) | 120 (71.0) | 49 (29.0) |  |
Sleeping pills usage |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Yes | 167 (41.2) | 98 (58.7) | 69 (41.3) |  |
 No | 233 (58.3) | 182 (78.1) | 51 (21.9) |  |
Any chronic diseaseb | Â | Â | Â | 0.060 |
 Yes | 372 (93.0) | 256 (68.8) | 116 (31.2) |  |
 No | 28 (7.0) | 24 (85.7) | 4 (14.3) |  |
Dementia (documented) | Â | Â | Â | 0.822 |
 Yes | 74 (18.5) | 51 (68.9) | 23 (31.1) |  |
 No | 326 (81.5) | 229 (70.2) | 97 (29.8) |  |
Activities of Daily Living | Â | Â | Â | 0.847 |
 Total independence | 365(91.3) | 255 (69.9) | 110 (30.1) |  |
 Dependence | 35 (8.2) | 25 (71.4) | 10 (28.6) |  |
Depression by GDS-5 |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 No (< 2) | 304 (76.0) | 236 (77.6) | 68 (22.4) |  |
 Yes (≥ 2) | 96 (24.0) | 44 (45.8) | 52 (54.2) |  |
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (risk) | Â | Â | Â | 0.004 |
 Low | 138 (34.5) | 109 (79.0) | 29 (21.0) |  |
 Medium-High | 262 (65.5) | 171 (65.3) | 91 (34.7) |  |
Restless Leg Syndrome | Â | Â | Â | 0.001 |
 No | 384 (96.0) | 275 (71.6) | 109 (28.4) |  |
 Yes | 16 (4.0) | 5 (31.3) | 11 (68.8) |  |