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Table 2 Characteristics of Included Studies Whole Body Vibration Training as an Exercise Training Mode

From: Effects of different exercise training modes on muscle strength and physical performance in older people with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

VT

Study

Sample size (ETG/CG)

M/F

Age

Sarcopenia diagnostics

Intervention

Control group

Outcome

Mode

Training movement

Intensity

Duration Days/week (weeks)

1

Bellomo et al. (2013) [43]

10/10

20/0

70.9 ± 5.2

MMI by DXA, < 2 standard deviations of a young reference population (CDC)

Vibratory mechine

Received a focused vibratory stimulation; The stimulation was applied on the vastus medialis, vastus lateralis; rectus femoris muscles.

300 Hz

W1–8:

1 session

/week; W9–12: 3 session

s/week

Non-WBV

KES

2

Wei et al. (2016) [48]

20/20

12/28

75 ± 6/76 ± 6

SMI by BIA, M: < 8.87 kg/m2, F: < 6.42 kg/m2 (EWGSOP-2010)

WBV platform

Stood on the platform of a WBV machine without shoes, knees were kept at 60° of flexion, hands placed onto the rail in front for support

40 Hz, 4 mm; 4sets x 90s (6 min)

3(12)

Non-WBV

SMI; KES; TUG, CS, GS

3

Zhu et al. (2016) [54]

28/27

55/0

89.5 ± 4.4/87.5 ± 3.0

SMI by DXA: M: < 7.0 kg/m2, F: < 5.4 kg/m2 (AWGS)

WBV platform

stand on the WBV plate, hands clasping the WBV rope, with legs and knees slightly bent

12–16 Hz, 3–5 mm

5(8)

Non-WBV

SMM; HGS; GS, TUG, CS

4

Zhu et al. (2019) [55]

28/27

55/0

89.5 ± 4.4/87.5 ± 3.0

SMI by DXA, M: < 7.0 kg/m2, F: < 5.4 kg/m2; BIA, M: < 7.0 kg/m2, F: < 5.7 kg/m2 (AWGS)

WBV platform

stand on the WBV plate, with legs and knees slightly bent, hands clasping the WBV rope

12–16 Hz, 3–5 mm; 5 groups/time, 3 min/group.

5(8)

Non- WBV

MM; HGS, KES; TUG, CS

5

Wei et al. (2016) [44]

LG/CG:

20/20

12/28

78 ± 4 /76 ± 6

SMI by BIA, M: < 8.87 kg/m2, F: < 6.42 kg/m2 (EWGSOP-2010)

WBV platform

Stood barefoot with knee joint flexed at 60° on the platform of a whole-body WBV machine; hands holding onto the rail in front for support.

20 Hz × 720 s (12mins), 4 mm

3(12)

Non-WBV

SMI; KES

MG/CG:

20/20

12/28

75 ± 6/76 ± 6

40 Hz × 360 s (6mins), 4 mm

HG/CG:

20/20

10/30

74 ± 5/76 ± 6

60 Hz × 240 s (4mins), 4 mm

6

Wei et al. (2017) [49]

LG/CG:

20/20

12/28

78 ± 4/76 ± 6

SMI by BIA, M: < 8.87 kg/m2, F: < 6.42 kg/m2 (EWGSOP-2010)

WBV platform

stood barefoot with knee joint flexed at 60° on the platform of the WBV machine with hands holding onto the rail in front for support

20 Hz × 720 s, 4 mm

3(12)

Non-WBV

SMI; TUG, CS, GS

MG/CG:

20/20

12/28

75 ± 6/76 ± 6

40 Hz × 360 s, 4 mm

HG/CG:

20/20

10/30

74 ± 5/76 ± 6

60 Hz × 240 s, 4 mm

  1. VT vibration training, ETG exercise training group, CG control group, WBV whole body vibration training, M male, F female, W week, DXA Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, BIA Bioelectrical impedance analysis, MM muscle mass, MMI muscle mass index (MMI = muscle mass/height2 [MMI/m2]), SMM skeletal muscle mass, SMI skeletal muscle mass index (SMI = skeletal muscle mass/ height2 [SMI/m2]), AWGS Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia, HGS hand grip strength, KES knee extension strength, GS gait speed, TUG Timed Up and Go, CS Chair stand, LG low frequency and long exercise time group, MG medium frequency and medium exercise time group, HG high frequency and short exercise time group