Table 1 Characteristics of Included Studies with Resistance Training as an Exercise Training Mode

1

Bellomo et al. (2013) [43]

10/10

20/0

Average: 70.9 ± 5.2

MMI by DXA, < 2 standard deviations of a young reference population (CDC)

Weight machine

leg press and leg extension

W1–4:

3 sets/12 reps, 60–70% FMT; W5–8:

3 sets/10 reps, 75–80% FMT; W9–12:

3 sets/6–8 reps, 80–85% FMT

2(12)

Non-exercise

KES

2

Cebrià et al. (2018) [45]

11/17

7/21

82.6 ± 9.1/81.2 ± 5.4

ASMI by BIA, M:

≤0.93 kg/m², F:≤0.57 kg/m²; GS,

M: 0.95–0.66 m/s; F: 0.08–0.48 m/s (Tyrovolas)

Dumbbells, and ankle/wrist weights

UL: handgrip, wrist flexion/extension, forearm pronation/supination, elbow flexion/extension, shoulder flexion/extension

/adduction/abduction;

LL: ankle flexion/

extension, knee extension, and hip flexion/abduction/

adduction

10 sets/12 reps, 40–60% 1RM

3(12)

Non-exercise

ASMI; HGS, KES; GS

3

Chen et al. (2017) [42]

15/15

5/25

68.9 ± 4.4/68.6 ± 3.1

ASMI by BIA, M:

≤32.5%, F: ≤25.7% (Chung)

Weight machine

shoulder presses, bicep curls, triceps curls, bench presses, deadlifts, leg swings, squats, standing rows, unilateral rows, split front squats

3 sets/8–12 reps; 60–70% 1RM

2(8)

Non-exercise

ASMI, SMM; HGS, KES

4

Hamaguchi et al. (2017) [51]

7/8

0/15

60.4 ± 2.7/60.6 ± 2.3

SMI by DXA, < 6.12 kg/m² (EWGSOP-2010)

Weighted vest

squats, front lunges, side lunges, calf raises, toe raises

8 sets/3 reps

2(6)

Non-exercise

SMI; HGS, KES

5

Liao et al. (2017) [52]

25/21

0/46

66.39 ± 4.49/68.42 ± 5.86

SMI by DXA, F: ≤7.15 kg/m² (EWGSOP-2010)

Thera-band

seated chest press, seated row, seated shoulder press, Concentric–eccentric hip circumduction, leg press, leg curl

3 sets/10 reps; Intensity: Borg RPE 13

3(12)

Non-exercise

SMI; HGS, KES; GS, TUG, CS;

6

Liao et al. (2018) [53]

30/20

0/50

66.67 ± 4.54/68.32 ± 6.05

ASMI by BIA, M: ≤32.5%, F: ≤25.7% (Chung)

Thera-band

UL: seated chest press, seated row seated shoulder press; LL: knee extension, knee flexion, hip flexion, hip extension.

3 sets/10 reps; Intensity: Borg RPE 13

3(12)

Non-exercise

SMI, AMI; KES; GS, TUG, CS

7

Shao et al. (2020) [46]

41/30

45/26

69.33 ± 13.47/68.54 ± 10.62

ASMI by BIA, M: < 7 kg/m², F: < 5.7 kg/m²; HGS, M: < 26 kg; F: < 18 kg; GS < 0.8 m/s (AWGS)

Weight machine

knee extension/flexion, chest press, shoulder press, and low back muscle

30 min/time

2(24)

Education (4 weeks/time)

SMI; HGS; GS

8

Vikberg et al. (2019) [47]

36/34

32/38

70.9 ± 0.28 /70.0 ± 0.29

ALMI by DXA, M:

≤7.29 kg/m²; F:

≤5.53 kg/m² (EWGSOP-2010)

Body weight and suspension bands

Squats, Calf Raises, Chair Stands, Half Lunges, Biceps Rowing, Push-ups, and Bridge

W1:

2 sets/12 reps; W2–4:

3 sets/10 reps; W5–7:

4 sets/10 reps; W8–10:

4 sets/10 reps. Intensity: Borg RPE 10

3(10)

Non-exercise

ALMI; HGS; TUG, CS, SPPB, 4MWT