Fig. 1

Risk of aggravated glycemic control according to handgrip strength (HGS). The Cox proportional hazards analysis after adjustment for age, sex, baseline HbA1c, obesity, duration of DM and anti-diabetic medication at baseline showed that low HGS, defined as < 27 kg (men), 16 kg (women), was independently associated with the primary outcome (A; HR, 2.234; 95% CI, 1.058–4.718) but not with the secondary outcome (B; HR, 1.556; 95% CI, 0.838–2.887) in the entire study population. Sex stratification confirmed the significant association between the primary outcome and HGS only in women (C; HR, 2.846; 95% CI, 1.090–7.434) and not in men (D; HR, 1.937; 95% CI, 0.399–9.410). DM, diabetes mellitus; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval