Table 2 Bivariate and logistic regression estimates for ADL and IADL limitations by chronic conditions and other background characteristics

Sex

 Male

20.87

38.84

Ref.

Ref.

 Female

26.36

56.86

1.698*** (1.544–1.868)

1.197*** (1.064–1.346)

Hypertension

 No

22.13

46.52

Ref.

Ref.

 Yes

27.14

52.1

1.112** (1.006–1.227)

1.156** (1.030–1.297)

Diabetes

 No

23.9

48.13

Ref.

Ref.

 Yes

23.02

49.75

1.263*** (1.083–1.472)

0.920 (0.777–1.090)

Psychiatric disease

 No

23.02

47.62

Ref.

Ref.

 Yes

49.73

73.51

2.450*** (1.951–3.071)

2.455*** (1.966–3.060)

Lung disease

 No

23.38

47.18

Ref.

Ref.

 Yes

28.02

60.98

1.504*** (1.286–1.759)

1.004 (0.802–1.234)

Heart disease

 No

23.36

47.91

Ref.

Ref.

 Yes

31.47

56.4

1.430*** (1.130–1.810)

1.383* (1.002–1.910)

Stroke

 No

22.99

47.62

Ref.

Ref.

 Yes

51.83

74.3

3.347*** (2.594–4.319)

3.281*** (2.610–4.122)

Bone-related disease

 No

20.52

44.74

Ref.

Ref.

 Yes

37.04

63.07

1.931*** (1.690–2.204)

2.158*** (1.907–2.443)

Age (in years)

 60–69

17.73

59.15

Ref.

Ref.

 70–79

27.94

44.92

1.623*** (1.468–1.794)

1.681*** (1.487–1.901)

 80+

44.08

30.53

2.909*** (2.378–3.558)

3.423*** (2.871–4.082)

Educational status

 No/primary education

25.99

54.17

Ref.

Ref.

 Secondary

17.72

34.86

0.571*** (0.494–0.660)

0.690*** (0.577–0.826)

 Higher

16.46

23.8

0.408*** (0.328–0.507)

0.701*** (0.537–0.914)

Work status

 Never worked

25.72

54.31

Ref.

Ref.

 Currently not working

30.81

57.61

1.289*** (1.126–1.499)

1.285*** (1.136–1.476)

 Working

13.59

35.63

0.651*** (0.566–0.762)

0.760*** (0.677–0.877)

 Retired

23.55

33.02

1.388** (1.098–1.779)

1.018 (0.827–1.278)

Marital status

 Currently in union

20.75

41.47

Ref.

Ref.

 Not in union

28.59

59.34

1.341*** (1.190–1.515)

1.070 (0.926–1.235)

Living arrangement

 Alone

27.27

59.5

Ref.

Ref.

 With spouse

21.52

43.58

1.049 (0.846–1.302)

1.060 (0.834–1.348)

 With others

24.1

48.77

1.019 (0.845–1.229)

1.015 (0.831–1.240)

MPCE quintile

 Poorest

25.59

50.35

Ref.

Ref.

 Poorer

23.78

49.68

0.977 (0.864–1.103)

0.885* (0.770–1.018)

 Middle

23.82

45.89

0.852** (0.746–0.972)

0.890 (0.766–1.035)

 Richer

22.4

48.68

0.961 (0.821–1.120)

0.804** (0.680–0.951)

 Richest

22.9

46.68

0.916 (0.793–1.057)

0.823* (0.675–1.004)

Religion

 Hindu

23.49

48.33

Ref.

Ref.

 Muslim

26.2

48.98

0.956 (0.823–1.111)

1.066 (0.921–1.235)

 Others

23.27

47.6

0.979 (0.845–1.134)

0.981 (0.820–1.175)

Caste

 SC/ST

23.85

49.02

Ref.

Ref.

 OBC

23.03

50.53

1.160*** (1.045–1.288)

0.954 (0.841–1.082)

 Others

24.9

44.2

0.989 (0.876–1.115)

1.096 (0.957–1.256)

Place of residence

 Urban

22.2

40.53

Ref.

Ref.

 Rural

24.42

51.57

1.557*** (1.387–1.748)

1.127* (0.978–1.300)

Total

23.77

48.36