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Table 2 Results of the GEE analysis of handgrip strength change in two groups and Mini-Mental State Examination scores

From: Association between change in handgrip strength and cognitive function in Korean adults: a longitudinal panel study

 

Men

Women

β

95%CI

β

95%CI

Changes in Handgrip strength

  Same or Increased

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  Decreased

−0.3142

(− 0.4129 -0.2154)

− 0.2685

(− 0.3732 -0.1637)

Age

  45–54

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  55–64

− 0.1218

(− 0.2560 0.0124)

− 0.1374

(− 0.2760 0.0012)

  65–74

− 0.5936

(− 0.7915 -0.3957)

−1.2507

(− 1.4799 -1.0214)

  ≥75

− 1.6447

(− 1.9444 -1.3449)

−3.4250

(−3.7685 -3.0814)

Education level

  Elementary school or less

−2.2240

(−2.4879 -1.9601)

−2.9756

(−3.2934 -2.6577)

  Middle school

− 0.8777

(− 1.1216 -0.6337)

−1.0498

(− 1.3567 -0.7428)

  High school

−0.5350

(− 0.7142 -0.3557)

−0.5839

(− 0.8543 -0.3136)

  University or beyond

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Region

  Metropolitan

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  Small or Medium Cities

−0.3659

(− 0.5544 -0.1774)

−0.5500

(− 0.7737 -0.3262)

  Rural

−0.3564

(− 0.5755 -0.1373)

−0.8134

(− 1.0690 -0.5578)

Working status

  Working

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  Non-working

− 0.4528

(− 0.6053 -0.3003)

−0.4327

(− 0.5817 -0.2836)

Household income

  Quartile 1 (low)

−0.5991

(− 0.8564 -0.3417)

−0.3133

(− 0.5657 -0.0609)

  Quartile 2

−0.0653

(− 0.2554 0.1249)

0.0357

(−0.1743 0.2458)

  Quartile 3

−0.0110

(− 0.1703 0.1484)

−0.0498

(− 0.2293 0.1296)

  Quartile 4 (high)

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Participation in social activities

  No

−0.9662

(− 1.1680 -0.7644)

−1.2188

(− 1.4130 -1.0247)

  Yes

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Smoking

  Current

0.2185

(−0.1002 0.3107)

0.2520

(− 0.3558 1.0495)

  Former

0.1053

(0.0150 0.4221)

0.3468

(−0.3385 0.8425)

  Never

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Alcohol Intake

  Yes

0.0944

(− 0.0633 0.2521)

0.3999

(0.2034 0.5964)

  No

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Number of chronic medical conditions

  None

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  1

−0.0207

(− 0.1878 0.1464)

0.0023

(−0.1920 0.1966)

  ≥2

− 0.1014

(−0.3174 0.1145)

−0.2783

(− 0.5405 -0.0161)

Number of cohabiting generations

  Couple

0.4467

(0.1589 0.7346)

0.7265

(0.4234 1.0296)

  Two generation

0.3116

(0.0398 0.5835)

0.4248

(0.1206 0.7291)

  Over two generation

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

BMI

  Underweight

0.2462

(−0.2392 0.7316)

−0.3675

(− 0.8535 0.1185)

  Normal weight

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  Overweight

0.1452

(−0.0042 0.2945)

0.3958

(0.2294 0.5622)

  Obesity

0.1092

(−0.0672 0.2856)

0.5409

(0.3336 0.7483)

  Severe obesity

0.2504

(−0.4315 0.9323)

−0.2268

(− 0.7595 0.3060)

Perceived health status

  Healthy

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  Average

−0.2811

(− 0.4087 -0.1536)

−0.3218

(− 0.4640 -0.1796)

  Unhealthy

−1.2703

(− 1.5197 -1.0208)

−1.1481

(− 1.3674 -0.9288)

  1. BMI body mass index, Underweight: BMI < 18.5, Normal weight: 18.5 ≤ BMI < 23, Overweight: 23 ≤ BMI < 25, Obesity: 25 ≤ BMI < 30, Severe obesity: 30 ≤ BMI