| Men | Women | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
β | 95%CI | β | 95%CI | |
Changes in Handgrip strength | ||||
  Same or Increased | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
  Decreased | −0.3142 | (− 0.4129 -0.2154) | − 0.2685 | (− 0.3732 -0.1637) |
Age | ||||
  45–54 | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
  55–64 | − 0.1218 | (− 0.2560 0.0124) | − 0.1374 | (− 0.2760 0.0012) |
  65–74 | − 0.5936 | (− 0.7915 -0.3957) | −1.2507 | (− 1.4799 -1.0214) |
  ≥75 | − 1.6447 | (− 1.9444 -1.3449) | −3.4250 | (−3.7685 -3.0814) |
Education level | ||||
  Elementary school or less | −2.2240 | (−2.4879 -1.9601) | −2.9756 | (−3.2934 -2.6577) |
  Middle school | − 0.8777 | (− 1.1216 -0.6337) | −1.0498 | (− 1.3567 -0.7428) |
  High school | −0.5350 | (− 0.7142 -0.3557) | −0.5839 | (− 0.8543 -0.3136) |
  University or beyond | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
Region | ||||
  Metropolitan | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
  Small or Medium Cities | −0.3659 | (− 0.5544 -0.1774) | −0.5500 | (− 0.7737 -0.3262) |
  Rural | −0.3564 | (− 0.5755 -0.1373) | −0.8134 | (− 1.0690 -0.5578) |
Working status | ||||
  Working | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
  Non-working | − 0.4528 | (− 0.6053 -0.3003) | −0.4327 | (− 0.5817 -0.2836) |
Household income | ||||
  Quartile 1 (low) | −0.5991 | (− 0.8564 -0.3417) | −0.3133 | (− 0.5657 -0.0609) |
  Quartile 2 | −0.0653 | (− 0.2554 0.1249) | 0.0357 | (−0.1743 0.2458) |
  Quartile 3 | −0.0110 | (− 0.1703 0.1484) | −0.0498 | (− 0.2293 0.1296) |
  Quartile 4 (high) | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
Participation in social activities | ||||
  No | −0.9662 | (− 1.1680 -0.7644) | −1.2188 | (− 1.4130 -1.0247) |
  Yes | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
Smoking | ||||
  Current | 0.2185 | (−0.1002 0.3107) | 0.2520 | (− 0.3558 1.0495) |
  Former | 0.1053 | (0.0150 0.4221) | 0.3468 | (−0.3385 0.8425) |
  Never | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
Alcohol Intake | ||||
  Yes | 0.0944 | (− 0.0633 0.2521) | 0.3999 | (0.2034 0.5964) |
  No | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
Number of chronic medical conditions | ||||
  None | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
  1 | −0.0207 | (− 0.1878 0.1464) | 0.0023 | (−0.1920 0.1966) |
  ≥2 | − 0.1014 | (−0.3174 0.1145) | −0.2783 | (− 0.5405 -0.0161) |
Number of cohabiting generations | ||||
  Couple | 0.4467 | (0.1589 0.7346) | 0.7265 | (0.4234 1.0296) |
  Two generation | 0.3116 | (0.0398 0.5835) | 0.4248 | (0.1206 0.7291) |
  Over two generation | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
BMI | ||||
  Underweight | 0.2462 | (−0.2392 0.7316) | −0.3675 | (− 0.8535 0.1185) |
  Normal weight | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
  Overweight | 0.1452 | (−0.0042 0.2945) | 0.3958 | (0.2294 0.5622) |
  Obesity | 0.1092 | (−0.0672 0.2856) | 0.5409 | (0.3336 0.7483) |
  Severe obesity | 0.2504 | (−0.4315 0.9323) | −0.2268 | (− 0.7595 0.3060) |
Perceived health status | ||||
  Healthy | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
  Average | −0.2811 | (− 0.4087 -0.1536) | −0.3218 | (− 0.4640 -0.1796) |
  Unhealthy | −1.2703 | (− 1.5197 -1.0208) | −1.1481 | (− 1.3674 -0.9288) |