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Table 1 Baseline characteristics

From: Outcomes between prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus in older adults with acute myocardial infarction in the era of newer-generation drug-eluting stents: a retrospective observational study

 

Normoglycemia

Group A

(n = 1193)

Prediabetes

Group B

(n = 1696)

T2DM

Group C

(n = 2603)

p value

Group A

vs. B

Group A

vs. C

Group B

vs. C

Group A vs. B vs.C

Age (years)

74.7 ± 6.1

74.5 ± 6.2

73.8 ± 5.6

0.488

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

Male, n (%)

764 (64.0)

987 (58.2)

1428 (54.9)

0.002

< 0.001

0.032

< 0.001

LVEF (%)

51.3 ± 11.0

51.9 ± 11.5

50.3 ± 12.2

0.139

0.015

< 0.001

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m2)

22.9 ± 2.9

23.3 ± 3.0

23.7 ± 3.0

0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

SBP (mmHg)

127.6 ± 28.4

129.1 ± 27.0

130.2 ± 28.1

0.165

0.011

0.211

0.032

DBP (mmHg)

76.7 ± 16.0

77.6 ± 15.4

76.7 ± 15.4

0.100

0.880

0.062

0.126

STEMI, n (%)

652 (54.7)

958 (56.5)

1272 (48.9)

0.329

0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

Primary PCI, n (%)

622 (95.4)

915 (95.5)

1225 (96.3)

0.915

0.295

0.299

0.469

NSTEMI, n (%)

541 (45.3)

738 (43.5)

1331 (51.1)

0.329

0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

PCI within 24 h

479 (88.5)

625 (84.7)

1107 (83.2)

0.048

0.003

0.370

0.014

Cardiogenic shock, n (%)

68 (5.7)

76 (4.5)

141 (5.4)

0.141

0.759

0.176

0.268

CPR on admission, n (%)

69 (5.8)

82 (4.8)

118 (4.5)

0.270

0.106

0.657

0.251

Killip classification, n (%)

 I

909 (76.2)

1269 (74.8)

1828 (70.2)

0.399

< 0.001

0.001

< 0.001

 II

134 (11.2)

216 (12.7)

336 (12.9)

0.247

0.159

0.889

0.327

 III

82 (6.9)

135 (8.0)

298 (11.4)

0.275

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

 IV

68 (5.7)

76 (4.5)

141 (5.4)

0.138

0.723

0.176

0.268

Dyslipidemia, n (%)

87 (7.3)

166 (9.8)

337 (12.9)

0.019

< 0.001

0.002

< 0.001

Previous MI, n (%)

30 (2.5)

46 (2.7)

152 (5.8)

0.814

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

Previous PCI, n (%)

57 (4.8)

103 (6.1)

238 (9.1)

0.138

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

Previous CABG, n (%)

2 (0.2)

2 (0.1)

27 (1.0)

0.723

0.002

< 0.001

< 0.001

Previous HF, n (%)

11 (0.9)

29 (1.7)

66 (2.5)

0.077

0.001

0.089

0.003

Previous CVA, n (%)

95 (8.0)

133 (7.8)

277 (10.6)

0.944

0.010

0.002

0.002

Current smokers, n (%)

280 (23.5)

455 (26.8)

549 (21.1)

0.041

0.108

< 0.001

< 0.001

Peak CK-MB (mg/dL)

130.4 ± 194.4

135.3 ± 214.5

94.0 ± 128.5

0.524

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

Peak troponin-I (ng/mL)

47.5 ± 76.6

46.0 ± 88.6

45.4 ± 98.6

0.616

0.588

0.882

0.895

NT-ProBNP (pg/mL)

2498.6 ± 4563.2

2120.5 ± 3221.8

3200.7 ± 5819.2

0.014

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

hs-CRP (mg/dL)

9.4 ± 35.5

11.5 ± 60.6

12.3 ± 46.0

0.241

0.034

0.644

0.238

Serum creatinine (mg/L)

1.06 ± 0.93

1.04 ± 1.03

1.24 ± 1.08

0.648

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2)

87.7 ± 46.1

86.2 ± 47.7

78.2 ± 42.2

0.783

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

Blood glucose (mg/dL)

139.9 ± 55.3

150.3 ± 52.1

219.1 ± 97.7

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

Hemoglobin A1C (%)

5.3 ± 0.5

6.0 ± 0.2

7.5 ± 2.8

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

172.9 ± 39.4

182.1 ± 42.8

170.8 ± 44.4

< 0.001

0.143

< 0.001

< 0.001

Triglyceride (mg/L)

97.2 ± 69.6

108.3 ± 70.2

123.7 ± 90.2

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

HDL-cholesterol (mg/L)

45.5 ± 16.6

44.9 ± 17.5

41.9 ± 14.0

0.386

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

LDL-cholesterol (mg/L)

109.3 ± 35.5

116.3 ± 46.4

105.9 ± 36.8

< 0.001

0.007

< 0.001

< 0.001

Discharge medications

1193

1696

2603

    

Aspirin, n (%)

1146 (96.1)

1620 (95.5)

2485 (95.5)

0.478

0.405

0.936

0.692

Clopidogrel, n (%)

1005 (84.2)

1523 (89.8)

2349 (90.2)

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.314

< 0.001

Ticagrelor, n (%)

154 (12.9)

130 (7.7)

201 (7.7)

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.946

< 0.001

Prasugrel, n (%)

34 (2.8)

43 (2.5)

53 (2.0)

0.640

0.129

0.292

0.266

Cilostazole, n (%)

158 (13.2)

334 (19.7)

518 (19.9)

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.876

< 0.001

BBs, n (%)

943 (79.0)

1343 (79.2)

2083 (80.0)

0.926

0.486

0.510

0.711

ACEIs, n (%)

656 (55.0)

872 (51.4)

1229 (47.2)

0.058

< 0.001

0.007

< 0.001

ARBs, n (%)

310 (26.0)

439 (25.9)

851 (32.7)

0.952

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

CCBs, n (%)

56 (4.7)

94 (5.5)

217 (8.3)

0.349

0.678

0.001

< 0.001

Lipid lowering agent, n (%)

1022 (85.7)

1427 (84.1)

2238 (86.0)

0.261

0.483

0.257

0.254

Diabetes management

 Diet, n (%)

  

139 (5.3)

–

–

–

 

 Oral agent, n (%)

  

1837 (70.6)

–

–

–

 

 Insulin, n (%)

  

156 (6.0)

–

–

–

 

 Untreated, n (%)

–

 

471 (18.1)

–

–

–

 

IRA

 Left main, n (%)

28 (2.2)

33 (1.9)

52 (2.0)

0.690

0.713

0.905

0.902

 LAD, n (%)

569 (47.7)

810 (47.8)

1203 (46.2)

0.970

0.362

0.335

0.511

 LCx, n (%)

191 (16.0)

266 (15.7)

422 (16.2)

0.813

0.887

0.670

0.899

 RCA, n (%)

405 (33.9)

587 (34.6)

926 (35.6)

0.712

0.341

0.535

0.589

Treated vessel

 Left main, n (%)

39 (3.3)

65 (3.8)

86 (3.3)

0.478

0.956

0.397

0.599

 LAD, n (%)

684 (57.3)

990 (58.4)

1525 (58.6)

0.578

0.468

0.899

0.762

 LCx, n (%)

314 (26.3)

436 (25.7)

738 (28.4)

0.730

0.198

0.059

0.129

 RCA, n (%)

476 (39.9)

692 (40.8)

1129 (43.4)

0.626

0.047

0.101

0.078

Extent of CAD

 Single-vessel disease, n (%)

574 (48.1)

812 (47.9)

1009 (38.8)

0.900

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Two-vessel disease, n (%)

384 (32.2)

531 (31.3)

885 (34.0)

0.626

0.283

0.068

0.164

 ≥ Three-vessel disease, n (%)

235 (19.7)

353 (20.8)

709 (27.2)

0.482

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

Vascular access

 Transradial, n (%)

358 (30.0)

500 (29.5)

725 (27.9)

0.760

 

0.248

0.306

 Transfemoral, n (%)

835 (70.0)

1196 (70.5)

1878 (72.1)

0.760

0.172

0.248

0.306

ACC/AHA lesion type

 Type B1, n (%)

133 (11.1)

221 (13.0)

331 (12.7)

0.134

0.182

0.780

0.281

 Type B2, n (%)

413 (34.6)

517 (30.5)

841 (32.3)

0.019

0.169

0.214

0.064

 Type C, n (%)

560 (46.9)

776 (45.8)

1174 (45.1)

0.529

0.293

0.684

0.572

Pre-PCI TIMI flow grade

 0/1, n (%)

671 (56.2)

987 (58.2)

1328 (51.0)

0.296

0.003

< 0.001

< 0.001

 2/3, n (%)

522 (43.8)

709 (41.8)

1275 (49.0)

0.296

0.003

< 0.001

< 0.001

 IVUS, n (%)

223 (18.7)

391 (23.1)

529 (20.3)

0.005

0.254

0.033

0.012

 OCT, n (%)

6 (0.5)

12 (0.7)

16 (0.6)

0.633

0.819

0.703

0.787

 FFR, n (%)

10 (0.8)

19 (1.1)

24 (0.9)

0.571

0.855

0.534

0.712

Drug-eluting stentsa

 ZES, n (%)

364 (30.5)

608 (35.8)

914 (35.1)

0.003

0.006

0.625

0.006

 EES, n (%)

604 (50.6)

819 (48.3)

1292 (49.6)

0.216

0.570

0.399

0.447

 BES, n (%)

204 (17.1)

238 (14.0)

342 (13.1)

0.024

0.001

0.411

0.005

Others, n (%)

21 (1.8)

31 (1.8)

55 (2.1)

0.893

0.534

0.578

0.698

Stent diameter (mm)

3.10 ± 0.40

3.07 ± 0.40

3.05 ± 0.40

0.075

0.002

0.173

0.007

Stent length (mm)

27.9 ± 11.9

27.6 ± 12.0

27.6 ± 12.1

0.435

0.519

0.826

0.726

Number of stent

1.47 ± 0.76

1.53 ± 0.84

1.58 ± 0.84

0.041

< 0.001

0.047

< 0.001

  1. Values are means ± SD or numbers (percentages). The p values for continuous data obtained from the analysis of variance. The p values for categorical data from chi-square or Fisher’s exact test. LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, BMI body mass index, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, STEMI ST-elevation myocardial infarction, NSTEMI non-STEMI, CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation, PCI percutaneous coronary intervention, CABG coronary artery bypass graft, HF heart failure, CVA cerebrovascular accident, CK-MB creatine kinase myocardial band, NT-ProBNP N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, hs-CRP high sensitivity C-reactive protein, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, BBs beta-blockers, ACEs angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, ARBs angiotensin receptor blockers, CCBs calcium channel blockers, IRA infarct-related artery, LAD left anterior descending coronary artery, LCx left circumflex coronary artery, RCA right coronary artery, ACC/AHA American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association, CAD coronary artery disease, IVUS intravascular ultrasound, OCT optical coherence tomography, FFR fractional flow reserve;, ZES zotarolimus-eluting stent, EES everolimus-eluting stent, BES: biolimus-eluting stents
  2. aDrug-eluting stents were composed of ZES (Resolute Integrity stent; Medtronic, Inc., Minneapolis, MN), EES (Xience Prime stent, Abbott Vascular, Santa Clara, CA; or Promus Element stent, Boston Scientific, Natick, MA), BES (BioMatrix Flex stent, Biosensors International, Morges, Switzerland; or Nobori stent, Terumo Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), and others include any other newer-generation drug-eluting stents except for ZES, EES, and BES