Table 1 Baseline characteristics and results of univariate Cox regression analysis (n = 6165; 937 nasogastric feeding dependency cases)
Demographics | Total (% in column) | Number of nasogastric feeding dependency cases (% in row) | Hazard Ratio | (95% CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of teeth lost | |||||
 0 | 1660 (26.93%) | 220(13.25%) | Ref |  |  |
 1–9 | 2123 (34.44%) | 256 (12.06%) | 1.03 | 0.86–1.24 | 0.74 |
 10–28 | 2382 (38.64%) | 461 (19.35%) | 1.73 | 1.47–2.03 | < 0.001 |
 Age in years, mean (SD) | 73.95(6.46) | 77.26(6.88) | 1.10 | 1.09–1.11 | < 0.001 |
Gender | |||||
 Female | 3206 (52%) | 439 (13.69%) | Ref |  |  |
 Male | 2959 (48%) | 498 (16.83%) | 1.28 | 1.12–1.45 | < 0.001 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | |||||
 Underweight (< 18.5) | 248 (4.38%) | 55 (22.18%) | 1.69 | 1.28–2.24 | < 0.001 |
 Normal weight (18.5–23.9) | 2679 (47.29%) | 415 (15.49%) | Ref |  |  |
 Overweight (24–26.9) | 1623 (28.65%) | 204 (12.57%) | 0.77 | 0.65–0.91 | 0.003 |
 Obesity (≥ 27) | 1115 (19.68%) | 168 (15.07%) | 0.95 | 0.80–1.14 | 0.61 |
Marriage status | |||||
 Married/cohabiting | 4011 (65.09%) | 541 (13.49%) | Ref |  |  |
 Never married | 123 (2.00%) | 26 (21.14%) | 1.70 | 1.15–2.52 | 0.01 |
 Widowed/divorced/separated | 2028 (32.91%) | 370 (18.24%) | 1.47 | 1.29–1.68 | < 0.001 |
Education | |||||
 Low (elementary or below) | 4146 (72.88%) | 707 (17.05%) | Ref |  |  |
 Moderate (junior/senior high) | 1068 (18.77%) | 131 (12.27%) | 0.77 | 0.64–0.92 | 0.01 |
 High (college or above) | 475 (8.35%) | 55 (11.58%) | 0.70 | 0.54–0.93 | 0.01 |
Household income | |||||
 <US$952/month | 2848 (58.15%) | 452 (15.87%) | Ref |  |  |
 US$952–2222/month | 1439 (29.38%) | 226 (15.71%) | 1.00 | 0.85–1.17 | 1.00 |
 >US$2222/month | 611 (12.47%) | 83 (13.58%) | 0.88 | 0.70–1.11 | 0.28 |
Smoking status | |||||
 Never | 4382 (71.09%) | 613 (13.99%) | Ref |  |  |
 Current | 839 (13.61%) | 150 (17.88%) | 1.27 | 1.06–1.52 | 0.01 |
 Former | 943 (15.30%) | 173 (18.35%) | 1.48 | 1.25–1.75 | < 0.001 |
Alcohol consumption | |||||
 No | 4170 (77.99%) | 675 (16.19%) | Ref |  |  |
 Less than once a week | 740 (13.84%) | 79 (10.68%) | 0.65 | 0.52–0.83 | < 0.001 |
 More than once a week | 437 (8.17%) | 68 (15.56%) | 0.80 | 0.62–1.02 | 0.07 |
Vegetable | |||||
 < 5 days/week | 422 (6.86%) | 133(31.52%) | Ref |  |  |
 5–7 days/week | 5730 (93.14%) | 793(13.83%) | 0.41 | 0.34–0.50 | < 0.001 |
Fruit | |||||
 < 5 days/week | 1401 (22.77%) | 339 (24.20%) | Ref |  |  |
 5–7 days/week | 4751 (77.23%) | 587 (12.36%) | 0.61 | 0.53–0.70 | < 0.001 |
Betel nut | |||||
 Never | 5552 (90.07%) | 844 (15.20%) | Ref |  |  |
 Current | 223 (3.62%) | 28 (12.56%) | 0.81 | 0.56–1.20 | 0.30 |
 Former | 389 (6.31%) | 64 (16.45%) | 1.20 | 0.93–1.55 | 0.16 |
Chronic renal failure | |||||
 No | 5889 (95.52%) | 865 (14.69%) | Ref |  |  |
 Yes | 276 (4.48%) | 72 (26.09%) | 2.54 | 2.00–3.23 | < 0.001 |
Heart failure | |||||
 No | 5600 (90.84%) | 788 (14.07%) | Ref |  |  |
 Yes | 565 (9.16%) | 149 (26.37%) | 2.35 | 1.97–2.80 | < 0.001 |
Liver cirrhosis | |||||
 No | 6052 (98.17%) | 911 (15.05%) | Ref |  |  |
 Yes | 113 (1.83%) | 26 (23.01%) | 1.93 | 1.31–2.86 | < 0.001 |
Stroke | |||||
 No | 4798 (77.83%) | 621 (12.94%) | Ref |  |  |
 Yes | 1367 (22.17%) | 316 (23.12%) | 2.13 | 1.86–2.44 | < 0.001 |
Cancer | |||||
 No | 5549 (90.01%) | 822 (14.81%) | Ref |  |  |
 Yes | 616 (9.99%) | 115 (18.67%) | 1.47 | 1.21–1.79 | < 0.001 |