Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study subjects

N = 1284

914

162

139

69

Age, y

57·2 ± 5·5

58·9 ± 5·5^c

59·7 ± 6·4^c

62·1 ± 7·0^c

<·001

Sex, male

420 (46·0)

69 (42·6)

57 (41·0)

34 (49·3)

0·552

Smoking, current

95 (10·4)

10 (6·2)

14 (10·1)

5 (7·3)

0·404

Alcohol, current

437 (47·8)

70 (43·2)

52 (37·4)^c

21 (30·4)^c

0·005

Regular exercise

344 (37·7)

43 (26·5)^c

40 (28·8)^c

13 (18·8)^c

<·001

Education

0·010

Primary

65 (7·1)

21 (13·0)^c

21 (15·1)^c

10 (14·5)

Secondary

624 (68·4)

106 (65·4)^c

92 (66·2)^c

43 (62·3)

College/university

224 (24·5)

35 (21·6)^c

26 (18·7)^c

16 (23·2)

BMI, kg/m²

24·0 ± 2·5

27·4 ± 2·5^c

23·6 ± 2·7

25·9 ± 2·4^c

<·001

Waist circumference, cm

80·2 ± 8·0

87·0 ± 8·0^c

79·0 ± 7·5

83·9 ± 7·2^c

<·001

SBP, mm Hg

114·0 ± 14·0

116·7 ± 14·0

113·5 ± 14·8

116·5 ± 14·0

0·060

DBP, mm Hg

74·6 ± 9·6

76·8 ± 9·6^c

73·0 ± 9·5

73·9 ± 9·2

0·005

FPG, mmol/L

5·0 ± 0·4

5·1 ± 0·4

4·9 ± 0·4^c

5·0 ± 0·4

<·001

HbA1c, mmol/mol^a

37 (34–39)

37 (34–39)

37 (33–39)

37 (34–38)

0·442

Triglycerides, mmol/L^a

1·3 (0·9–1·7)

1·4 (1·1–2·0)^c

1·3 (1·0–1·7)

1·4 (1·0–1·8)

0·023

Total cholesterol, mmol/L

5·2 ± 0·9

5·2 ± 0·9

5·1 ± 0·9

4·9 ± 1·0^c

0·033

HDL cholesterol, mmol/L

1·3 ± 0·3

1·2 ± 0·3^c

1·3 ± 0·3

1·2 ± 0·3

0·004

HOMA-IR^a

1·6 (1·3–2·1)

2·0 (1·6–2·6)^c

1·5 (1·2–1·8)

1·7 (1·5–2·3)

<·001

hsCRP, nmol/L^a

5·0 (3·0–9·0)

8·9 (5·3–19·7)^c

5·4 (3·7–10·9)

7·0 (3·5–12·6)

<·001

ASM, kg

17·7 ± 4·2

15·9 ± 3·7^c

16·1 ± 3·5^c

15·2 ± 3·3^c

<·001

ASM/BMI

0·74 ± 0·16

0·58 ± 0·16^c

0·69 ± 0·14^c

0·59 ± 0·16^c

<·001

Handgrip strength, kg^a

29·3 (23·3–39·4)

26·0 (22·1–37·0)

18·5 (16·9–29·6)^c

18·7 (17·5–28·4)^c

<·001

HTN

249 (27·2)

57 (35·2)^c

37 (26·6)

27 (39·1)^c

0·042

Heart disease

38 (4·2)

7 (4·3)

8 (5·8)

7 (10·1)^c

0·133

ICV, mL

1407·2 ± 133·0

1396·9 ± 133·0

1383·1 ± 138·8

1363·5 ± 134·5^c

0·017