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Table 3 Potential predictors (cognitive and physical statuses at baseline) for the incidence of falls, injuries and disability at five years

From: Cognitive frailty is a robust predictor of falls, injuries, and disability among community-dwelling older adults

Predictor of interest (Cognitive and physical statuses at baseline)

Categorical analysis

Continuous analysis (z-score)

B

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

Weighted OR (95% CI)

B

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

p Value

Falls

 Cognitive impairment

0.43

1.54 (0.74–3.17)

1.33 (0.72–2.49)

0.11

1.12 (0.90–1.40)

0.249

 Physical frailty

1.06

2.88 (1.19–6.99)a

2.50 (1.43–4.38)a

0.23

1.26 (1.07–1.49)a

0.003

 Cognitive frailty

1.12

2.98 (1.78–4.99)a

2.68 (1.71–4.20)a

0.35

1.42 (1.12–1.80)a

0.003

Falls-related injuries

 Cognitive impairment

−0.48

0.62 (0.22–1.72)

1.56 (0.75–3.25)

0.06

1.06 (0.83–1.36)

0.637

 Physical frailty

1.12

3.04 (1.75–5.28)b

2.21 (1.11–4.38)b

0.33

1.39 (1.07–1.80)b

0.013

 Cognitive frailty

1.11

3.06 (1.23–7.60)b

1.71 (1.03–2.84)b

0.19

1.21 (1.01–1.45)b

0.037

Disability

 Cognitive impairment

0.28

1.33 (0.18–10.01)

1.45 (0.69–3.06)

0.13

1.14 (0.85–1.54)

0.348

 Physical frailty

1.61

4.99 (1.11–22.57)c

2.03 (1.16–3.56)c

0.31

1.36 (1.09–1.70)c

0.002

 Cognitive frailty

1.64

5.17 (1.11–24.21)c

3.57 (1.35–9.42)c

0.48

1.62 (1.17–2.23)c

0.004

  1. aindicated p < 0.05, after adjusted for age, gender, years of education, waist circumference, MOSS, loneliness
  2. bindicated p < 0.05, after adjusted for age, years of education, body mass index, arm circumference, MMSE
  3. cindicated p < 0.05, after adjusted for age, years of education, waist circumference, chair stand test, back scratch test, MOSS, GDS