Table 1 The baseline characteristic, physical and cognitive status of drop-out and non-dropout participants [presented as mean ± standard deviation (sd) or n (%)]
Parameters | N = 815 | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Drop-out (n = 415) | Non-dropout (n = 400) | ||
Age, mean ± sd | 69.03 ± 6.37 | 67.65 ± 5.26 | 0.001* |
Gender: | |||
 Male | 192 (46.2) | 180 (45.1) | 0.410 |
 Female | 224 (53.8) | 219 (54.9) |  |
Ethnic: | |||
 Malay | 160 (38.5) | 162 (40.6) | 0.567 |
 Chinese & Indian | 256 (61.5) | 237 (59.4) |  |
Marital status: | |||
 Single/divorced | 134 (32.2) | 91 (22.8) | 0.003* |
 Married | 282 (67.8) | 308 (77.2) |  |
Education years, mean ± sd | 5.93 ± 4.33 | 6.37 ± 4.57 | 0.160 |
Household income, mean ± sd | 1725.18 ± 3347.61 | 1707.24 ± 2437.72 | 0.931 |
Social support (MOSS), mean ± sd | 39.55 ± 14.01 | 36.88 ± 15.23 | 0.141 |
Living alone | 59 (14.2) | 30 (7.5) | 0.002* |
Smoking | 99 (23.8) | 89 (22.3) | 0.619 |
Alcohol drinking | 29 (7.0) | 25 (6.3) | 0.778 |
Diseases: | |||
 Diabetes | 129 (31.0) | 99 (24.8) | 0.051 |
 Hypertension | 216 (51.9) | 193 (48.4) | 0.327 |
 Hypercholesterolemia | 123 (29.6) | 122 (30.6) | 0.760 |
 Heart disease | 36 (8.7) | 32 (8.0) | 0.800 |
 Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) | 45 (10.8) | 55 (13.8) | 0.202 |
Frailty status (pre-frailty & frailty) | 330 (79.3) | 296 (74.2) | 0.097 |
Cognitive frailty | 167 (40.1) | 157 (39.3) | 0.830 |