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Table 1 The characteristics of participants

From: Item bias on the geriatric depression scale (GDS): investigating the quality and generalizability of GDS on Chinese and Korean community-dwelling elderly population

Country

China

Korea

Number of participants

287 (58.2 %)

206 (41.8 %)

Age (t = -8.18, p = < 0.001)

72.3 (SD = 7.6)

78.1 (SD = 7.8)

Gender

Male

149 (51.9 %)

62 (30.1 %)

Female

138 (48.1 %)

144 (69.9 %)

Marital Status

Without Partner

101 (35 %)

131 (63.6 %)

With Partner

186 (64.8 %)

75 (36.4 %)

Lifestyle

Living Alone

59 (20.6 %)

52 (25.2 %)

Living with Family

228 (79.4 %)

151 (73.3 %)

Education

No Education

66 (23 %)

67 (32.5 %)

Elementary School

97 (33.8 %)

72 (35 %)

Middle School

63 (22 %)

16 (7.8 %)

High School

41 (14.3 %)

31 (15 %)

Community College

10 (3.5 %)

2 (1.0 %)

Bachelor/Graduate

10 (3.5 %)

18 (8.7 %)

Job before age 60

Not Employed

32 (11.1 %)

69 (33.5 %)

Employed

253 (88.2 %)

137 (66.5 %)

Social activity

(None 1, Sometimes 2, Often 3)

(z = -5.766, p = < 0.001)

1.88

(SD = 0.72)

2.27

(SD = 0.72)

Perceived health

(Very poor 1, Poor 2, Average 3, Good 4, Excellent 5)

(z = -1.132, p = 0.258)

3.18

(SD = 1.08)

3.08

(SD = 0.89)

Perceived economic status

(Low 1, Middle-Low 2, Middle 3, Middle-High 4, High 5)

(z = -3.756, p = < 0.001)

2.54

(SD = 0.99)

2.84

(SD = 0.77)

Perceived being caring

(Very poor 1, Poor 2, Average 3, Good 4, Excellent 5)

(z = -5.388, p = < 0.001)

3.79

(SD = 0.87)

4.20

(SD = 0.74)