Table 3 Baseline characteristics of included population

Age, years, mean ± SD

80.7 ± 7.51

79.7 ± 7.85

  ≥ 85 years, n (%)

43 (28.5)

43 (28.5)

Female, n (%)

107 (70.9)

113 (74.8)

BMI, kg/m2, mean ± SD

21.89 ± 4.14

22.01 ± 3.56

  < 18.5

35 (23.2)

23 (15.2)

 18.5–22.9

62 (41.1)

76 (50.3)

 23.0–24.9

20 (13.2)

21 (13.9)

 25.0–29.9

29 (19.2)

28 (18.5)

  ≥ 30

5 (3.3)

3 (2.0)

 Diabetes mellitus

57 (37.7)

52 (34.4)

 Hypertension

120 (79.5)

119 (78.8)

 Ischemic heart disease

25 (16.6)

21 (13.9)

 Congestive heart failure

4 (2.6)

4 (2.6)

 Cerebrovascular disease

34 (22.5)

38 (25.2)

 COPD, Bronchiectasis or Asthma

9 (6.0)

5 (3.3)

 CKD Stage 3–5

33 (21.9)

36 (23.8)

 ESRD on HD/CAPD

5 (3.3)

6 (4.0)

 Dementia

36 (23.8)

56 (37.1)

Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), n (%)

 2

7 (4.6)

6 (4.0)

 3

10 (6.6)

18 (11.9)

 4

38 (25.2)

28 (18.5)

 5

26 (17.2)

34 (22.5)

  ≥ 6

70 (46.4)

65 (43.1)

Education, years, n (%)

  ≤ 4

95 (62.9)

89 (58.9)

  > 4

56 (37.1)

62 (41.1)

Polypharmacy, n (%)

  < 5

32 (21.2)

34 (22.5)

 5–10

64 (42.4)

76 (50.3)

  > 10

55 (36.4)

41 (27.2)

BADL, Dependent, n (%)

21 (13.9)

22 (14.6)

IADL, Dependent, n (%)

51 (33.8)

59 (39.1)

Hematocrit, %, mean ± SD

34.71 ± 6.02

34.95 ± 5.52

WBC count, cell/mm3, mean ± SD

10,059.00 ± 3306.11

10,525.56 ± 3686.88

Serum albumin (pre-op), g/dl, mean ± SD

3.74 ± 0.54

3.76 ± 0.50

Vitamin D level, ng/mL, mean ± SD (n = 284)

n = 136

18.38 ± 9.84

n = 148

19.36 ± 9.42

  ≥ 30

16 (11.8)

18 (12.2)

 20–29^a

31 (22.8)

47 (31.8)

  < 20^b

89 (65.4)

83 (56.1)